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  • Abramson, D. M. (2014, November). Youth and Disaster Recovery: The Power of Narrative, Hope and Opportunity. In 142nd APHA Annual Meeting and Exposition (November 15-November 19, 2014). APHA.» 摘要
    Abstract:Promoting resilience among children and youth who have been exposed to disaster has generally been regarded in one of two ways: (1) preventing psychopathology and other poor physical, cognitive, or academic outcomes associated with the stressors of disasters, and (2) promoting adaptation strategies and enhanced self-efficacy.  There is a growing appreciation among scholars and practitioners that children and youth are not simply victims or thoroughly dependent and vulnerable populations, but that they may be agents of their own and others’ recovery.  This is particularly true for adolescents and those on the cusp of young adulthood.  This presentation will review emerging trends in the scholarly literature and highlight several sentinel youth-run or youth-empowered projects that illustrate positive promotive and adaptation-focused strategies.  In particular, the presentation will focus on the research among Gulf Coast youth exposed to Hurricane Katrina and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that gave rise to the SHOREline youth-empowerment project in five Gulf Coast high schools.  The project will be contrasted with that of a narrative project for youth in Joplin, Missouri, who had been exposed to a devastating EF-5 tornado in May 2011 that destroyed one-quarter of their town’s housing, six of ten school buildings, and killed over 130 people including children.  Both the Gulf Coast and Joplin cases have sought to enhance pro-social behavior among disaster-exposed youth.  The presentation will consider evaluation and theoretical frameworks for assessing the impact of these promotive strategies on children and youth’s post-disaster recovery.
  • Acuña, M. A., & Kataoka, S. (2017). Family Communication Styles and Resilience among Adolescents. Social Work, 62(3), 261–296.» 摘要
    Abstract: Some adolescents manage to be resilient, whereas others develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms after experiencing trauma, but the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. Public secondary school students (N = 98) referred for counseling completed questionnaires assessing exposure to stressful events, family communication, and PTSD. Seventy percent of the sample reported PTSD symptoms in the clinical range. Open family communication was negatively associated with female gender, problem family communication (PFC), and PTSD symptom severity. PFC was positively associated with female gender, number of stressful events, and PTSD symptom severity. Family storytelling style had a negative association with age, PFC, and avoidance symptoms. In the full regression model only the number of life events and PFC appeared to have an independent effect on PTSD symptom severity. Results indicate that exposure to stressful life events and poor family communication are associated with increased risk for PTSD symptoms. Findings may be useful in family-focused approaches to treating adolescents with trauma histories and highlighting the importance of PTSD screening in school-based counseling.
  • Akchurin, M., Lee, CS. (2013). Pathways to Empowerment: Repertoires of Women's Activism and Gender Earnings Equality American Sociological Review, 78 (4): 679-701.» 摘要
    Abstract:This article examines how different repertoires of women's activism influence gender earnings equality across countries. We develop a typology of three forms of mobilizationprofessionalized women's activism, labor women's activism, and women's activism in popular movementsemphasizing distinct actors, patterns of claims-making, and inter-organizational ties among women's organizations and other civil society groups in multi-organizational fields. Based on data on membership and co-membership ties built using World Values Surveys, we test the effects of different repertoires of women's activism on earnings equality between women and men in 51 countries. We also consider a gendered development model and the role of welfare states as main explanatory variables in accounting for the gap in earnings. Our findings suggest that even in the presence of these alternative explanations, women's activism matters. Furthermore, women's organizations with access to institutional politics, through either direct advocacy or ties to unions or professional associations, have had the most success in promoting gender earnings equality. Our research contributes to prior work on social movement outcomes by conceptualizing women's mobilization in the context of fields and further testing its effects on distributional outcomes in a comparative perspective.
  • Ali, A., Hawkins, R.L., Chambers, D.A. (2010). Recovery From Depression Among Clients Transitioning Out of Poverty. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80 (1): 26-33.» 摘要
    Abstract:The objective of this study was to investigate whether a program designed to change the economic conditions of clients' lives could also have an impact on reducing their level of depression. The study focused on a sample of men and women attending a program designed to transition clients out of poverty through microlending and peer support. Results revealed that 40.5% of participants who met diagnostic criteria for major depression before beginning the program were no longer clinically depressed after participating in the program for 6 months. The results also revealed that the clients who reported that they felt a strong sense of interpersonal connection within the program were the most likely to recover from depression.
  • Al-Sharmani, M. (2010). Legal Reform, Women's Empowerment and Social Change: The Case of Egypt. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies, 41 (2): 10-17.» 摘要
    Abstract: In the last decade, new family laws have been passed in Egypt, with important ramifications for women. In this article, I argue that two issues diminish the transformative role that these reforms could play in strengthening Egyptian women's rights and achieving gender justice. First, despite the recently passed laws, the model of marriage that the state continues to uphold through its codes and courts is premised on gendered roles and rights for husbands and wives. This model, however, contradicts the realities of Egyptian marriages. Second, the incongruence between the agendas of different reform actors, their piecemeal approach, and their top-down and non-participatory strategies have impacted the reform outcomes in mixed ways. This has meant that the multidimensionality and the social-embeddedness of the process of law-making have not been adequately taken into account in the efforts undertaken by reform actors, thereby undermining the effectiveness and significance of these endeavours.
  • Anderson-Butcher, D., Cash, S.J. (2010). Participation in Boys & Girls Clubs, vulnerability, and problem behaviors. Children and Youth Services Review, 32 (5): 672-678.» 摘要
    Abstract: Using a risk and resilience approach, this study examined the impact of participation in Boys & Girls Clubs on reducing vulnerability and problem behaviors among 297 youths aged 9 to 16 years of age Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among the observed indicators of Club participation and poor self-concept and the latent constructs of vulnerability and problem behaviors Results indicate that pal ticipation in Boys & Girls Clubs had a small, but significant relationship with a decrease in poor self-concept Poor self-concept was in turn directly related to increased vulnerability, and increased vulnerability was related to increased problem behaviors These findings point to the importance of Boys & Girls Clubs and other youth development organizations in promoting positive self-concepts to help decrease vulnerability and problem behaviors among program participants.
  • Aranda K., Zeeman L., ">Scholes J. & Morales A.S.(2012).The resilient subject: Exploring subjectivity, identity and the body in narratives of resilience. Health, 16(5), 548-563.» 摘要
    Abstract:International research and policy interest in resilience has increased enormously during the last decade. Resilience is now considered to be a valuable asset or resource with which to promote health and well-being and forms part of a broader trend towards strength based as opposed to deficit models of health. And while there is a developing critique of resilience's conceptual limits and normative assumptions, to date there is less discussion of the subject underpinning these notions, nor related issues of subjectivity, identity or the body. Our aim in this article is to begin to address this gap. We do so by re-examining the subject within two established narratives of resilience, as 'found' and 'made'. We then explore the potential of a third narrative, which we term resilience 'unfinished'. This latter story is informed by feminist poststructural understandings of the subject, which in turn, resonate with recently articulated understandings of an emerging psychosocial subject and the contribution of psychoanalysis to these debates. We then consider the potential value of this poststructural, performative and embodied psychosocial subject and discuss the implications for resilience theory, practice and research.
  • Ashraf, N., Karlan, D., Yin, W. (2010). Female Empowerment: Impact of a Commitment Savings Product in the Philippines. World Development, 38 (3): 333-344.» 摘要
    Abstract: Female "empowerment has increasingly become a policy goal, both as an end to itself and as a means to achieve other development goals Microfinance in particular has often been argued but not without controversy to be a tool for empowering women Here, using a randomized controlled trial, we examine whether access to and marketing of an individually held commitment savings product lead to an increase in female decision-making power within the household We find positive impacts, particularly for women who have below median decision-making power in the baseline, and we find this leads to a shift toward female-oriented durables goods purchased in the household.
  • Aston, V.& Coffey, M.(2012). Recovery: what mental health nurses and service users say about the concept of recovery. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 19(3), 257-263.» 摘要
    Abstract:This study presents a thematic analysis of focus group talk to examine what recovery in mental health means to service users and nurses. Data were collected from two focus groups, one group of service users and one group of nurses. The service user group (n = 6) were adults with previous or recent experience of inpatient mental health services. The nursing group were registered nurses (n = 5) of various grades and experience currently working in inpatient mental health services in one region of the UK. Thematic analysis using Krueger and Casey's framework led to four themes being developed. These were 'understandings of recovery', 'semantics', 'therapeutics' and 'a journey'. While the recovery concept was not new to either group, understandings of recovery were vague and contradictory.
  • Atteraya, M. S., Gnawali, S., & Palley, E. (2016). Women's participation in self‐help groups as a pathway to women's empowerment: A case of Nepal. International Journal of Social Welfare, 25(4), 321-330.» 摘要
    Abstract: Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and the government of Nepal have made some effort to reduce poverty in Nepal by creating women's affiliation groups, some of which are micro-credit organizations. Using capabilities as defined by Amartya Sen (Development as freedom, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2000), which includes employment opportunities, women's ownership in productive resources such as land and/or homes, educational opportunities, and women's participation in decision-making in the family, this study evaluated the extent to which women's ethnic group or caste affiliation affected a woman's likelihood of being empowered by participation in these groups. We analyzed a sample of 8,973 women which was taken from the 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey. Previous research has demonstrated that participation in gender-based groups is correlated with higher economic status. This study adds to the literature on women's affiliation groups by investigating the impact of structural factors, such as caste and ethnicity, on women's self-help group participation (women's groups and credit groups).
  • Avey, J.B., Luthans, F., Smith, R.M., Palmer, N.F. (2010). Impact of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Well-Being Over Time. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 15 (1): 17-28.» 摘要
    Abstract: The recently recognized core construct of psychological capital or PsyCap (consisting of the positive psychological resources of efficacy, hope, optimism, and resilience) has been demonstrated to be related to various employee attitudinal, behavioral, and performance outcomes. However, to date, the impact of this positive core construct over time and on important employee well-being outcomes has not been tested. This study meets this need by analyzing the relationship between a broad cross-section of employees' (N = 280) level of PsyCap and two measures of psychological well-being over time. The results indicated that employees' PsyCap was related to both measures of well-being and, importantly, that PsyCap explained additional variance in these well-being measures over time. The limitations, needed future research, and practical implications conclude the article.
  • Aziz, A ., Shams, M ., Khan, K.S.,(2011).Participatory action research as the approach for women's empowerment. Action Research. 9(3),303-323.» 摘要
    Abstract:Women's empowerment is recognized as an imperative for achieving women's rights, health and development. The achievement of women's empowerment as an end goal or even initiation of the process necessitates usage of approaches that promote participation and incite action. The Community Health Sciences Department (CHS) of Aga Khan University Karachi that is part of a five-component study (including four Asian countries) titled 'Women's Empowerment in Muslim Contexts' (WEMC), used the participatory action research approach for women's empowerment. Work with communities entailed reflection, analysis and action not only to create knowledge but for education, development of consciousness and mobilization for action. We adapted the participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools to explore women's perceptions and reflections on their existent situation and aspired needs with respect to empowerment, community's overall health, mental health, reproductive health, daily work load, access to resources, participation in decision-making and violence against women. Our experience emerged as a five-step model of participatory action research for women's empowerment that included steps of field inquiry, analysis for action, advocacy training, policy dialogue and tracking action for change. Reflections on this model can serve as a learning instrument for those engaged with community based work and social transformation.
  • Baffour, TD., Baffour, TD.(2012).Do Empowerment Strategies Facilitate Knowledge and Behavioral Change? The Impact of Family Health Advocacy on Health Outcomes. Social Work in Public Health,27(5), 507-519.» 摘要
    Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of a Family Health Advocacy (FHA) intervention on 46 African American women ages 13 to 35 living in a rural southern community. FHA utilizes empowerment strategies to provide education and social support to reduce risk factors for poor pregnancy outcomes. Use of a paired t test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between pretest and posttest scores in the acquisition of knowledge of safer sex practices, alcohol consumption, early prenatal care, maternal infection, and nutrition. Behavioral change was not realized in the areas of nutrition or behaviors that cause risk of maternal infection. Social workers can influence behavioral change for at-risk populations by addressing microlevel barriers such as education and resources and macrolevel barriers such as advocacy for expanded health and social services.
  • Barak, A., & Leichtentritt, R. D. (2016). Creative Writing after Traumatic Loss: Towards a Generative Writing Approach. British Journal of Social Work, 47(3), 936-954.» 摘要
    Abstract: Meaning-reconstruction theory explains bereavement in terms of an ongoing striving to find meaning. The expressive writing paradigm claims that writing, through disclosure, can facilitate meaning-reconstruction. In this article, we explore how writing, and specifically the writing of poetry, facilitates meaning-reconstruction for bereaved parents who are coping with a sudden traumatic loss of a child. Ten Israelis who lost a child in a terror attack or during the child’s military service and subsequently wrote poems about their experience were interviewed. Based on meaning-reconstruction theory, and keeping in mind the expressive writing paradigm, our findings indicate that there are three writing exercises that are particularly helpful in enabling bereaved parents to find meaning in their traumatic loss: writing a dialogue with the deceased; writing an alternative reality; and editing poems and reshaping meanings. Our conclusions suggest that these exercises, which assist bereaved parents in making and finding meaning in their loss, could be used successfully by social workers as an intervention technique. The concept of ‘generative writing’, as we have termed it, supplements the existing views of both the expressive writing paradigm and meaning-reconstruction theory. Generative writing aligns well with the core values of social work and of the strengths perspective.
  • Barney, R. J. (2017). South African HIV/AIDS service providers’ perceptions of participatory decision making and empowerment: Exploring the role of power distance. International Social Work, 60(4), 914-926.» 摘要
    Abstract: Many social workers believe that concepts such as empowerment and participatory decision making are universally applicable across cultures. However, a failure to recognize the diversity that can occur across cultural groups may result in organizations choosing poor fitting empowerment strategies. In this qualitative study, the author explored how participatory decision making and empowerment are perceived among South African staff, where higher levels of power distance exist. Results of the study highlight perceptions of and barriers to participatory decision making and potential strategies that social workers might use to empower staff to participate in decision making in a culturally competent manner.
  • Barrios, R.E.(2011)."If You Did Not Grow Up Here, You Cannot Appreciate Living Here": Neoliberalism, Space-time, and Affect in Post-Katrina Recovery Planning. Human Organization,70(2), 118-127.» 摘要
    Abstract: In post-Katrina New Orleans, local government officials have represented neighborhood recovery planning as a mechanism of shared governance, where all residents can participate as collective authors of the city's reconstruction directive. In these representations, expert planners were described as professional facilitators who served the primary role of documenting and giving a common format to resident ideas about urban recovery. Contrary to these official representations, this article shows how neighborhood recovery planning for the city's centrally located 4th planning district was characterized by significant tensions between professional planners' visions of urban development and resident notions of neighborhood and community. The article makes the case that the anthropological literature on the social production of space, time, and affect provides us with a resourceful vantage point for understanding what is at stake in the different ways New Orleanians and professional planners envisioned urban recovery and offers analytical resources for negotiating these differences.
  • Bartlett, Y.K., Coulson, N.S.(2011). An investigation into the empowerment effects of using online support groups and how this affects health professional/patient communication. Patient Education and Counseling ,83(1),113-119.» 摘要
    Abstract:Objective: The current research investigates the potential of online support groups (OSGs) to foster empowerment and how membership might affect the patient/health professional relationshipMethods: 246 participants across 33 OSGs completed an online questionnaire.Results: All empowerment processes and outcomes identified by van Uden-Kraan et al.were found to be present. All empowerment outcomes were adequately predicted by empowerment processes. The majority (82.2%) of participants had discussed information found online with their health professional and most (74.2%) were satisfied with the response. Around 60% of participants felt membership of an OSG had affected the relationship with their health professional and from qualitative responses the effects were mostly positive.Conclusion: OSGs have the potential to produce empowerment outcomes for those who choose to use them. Furthermore, users report a positive reaction to information found online from their health professionals. Practice implications: Although not all patients will benefit from using OSGs, health professionals suggesting their use could ensure that they reach the maximum receptive audience. Furthermore, this research could be used to encourage a more 'net friendly' attitude amongst health professionals.
  • Bell, H ; Madden, E ; Borah, EV ; Lein, L ; Beausoleil, J .(2010). Case Management with Hurricane Katrina Survivors: Perspectives of Case Managers and Supervisors.Journal of Social Service Research , 36 (3): 216-229 .» 摘要
    Abstract: Disaster case management is an important but under-researched aspect of disaster recovery. This study explored the perspectives of case managers and supervisors about the needs of Hurricane Katrina survivors. Telephone interviews with 168 case managers and supervisors in 32 states identified client motivation and availability of resources as key factors in successful cases. Conversely, lack of client motivation perceived or resources were key factors in challenging cases. Housing, employment, and transportation were identified as survivors' greatest needs. Further research is needed to develop best practices in enhancing client motivation, addressing cultural differences, and improving post-disaster resource development.
  • Berridge, D. (2017). The education of children in care: Agency and resilience. Children and Youth Services Review, 77, 86-93.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper considers the educational experiences and progress of children in care in England. As part of a mixed methods study 26 young people, together with their carers, social workers and teachers, were asked about their educational experiences and the contributory factors to educational progress during secondary schooling. Responses from young people revealed that they were exercising control over their educational experiences – an expression of agency. They chose to engage with learning once they felt the problems in their lives were being managed and, therefore, that certain preconditions were being met. Analysis of this qualitative data was set within a theoretical framework linking the Sociology of Childhood with the Social Ecology of Resilience. Four groups of young people were identified who demonstrated different responses: ‘Stressed/unresolved’; ‘Committee/trusted support’; ‘Private/self-reliant’; and ‘Disengaged’. The implications are discussed for social workers and schools in working with young people to improve their educational progress and attainment.
  • Berridge, D. (2017). Driving outcomes: learning to drive, resilience and young people living in residential care. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 77-85.» 摘要
    Abstract: There are continuing concerns about the experiences offered to older adolescents being looked after (‘in care’) in the UK and, especially, to care leavers. Questions are asked about the limitations of State care compared with normal family life. This paper reports on an initiative to provide driving lessons to a group of six young men living in residential homes in one city. It links with resilience theory – how individuals can have relatively good outcomes despite early adversity. A qualitative study was undertaken to explore the effects of the initiative, including individual interviews with young men, heads of homes in which they lived and children's services managers. The overall results indicated that the initiative was very worthwhile. The lessons were a significant part of young people's lives. Possible effects on young people were divided into personal, instrumental and social. Benefits were reported from all parties concerning young people's self-esteem and self-confidence, as well as in forging close relationships with supportive adults. Driving would not be seen as a panacea for complex personal histories and structural problems, yet this small experiment suggests that driving lessons could be of disproportionate benefit and there is a moral obligation to provide them in any case.
  • Black, J. M., & Hoeft, F. (2015). Utilizing Biopsychosocial and Strengths‐Based Approaches Within the Field of Child Health: What We Know and Where We Can Grow. New directions for child and adolescent development, 2015(147), 13-20.» 摘要
    Abstract:We continue to increase our understanding of the experiences and settings that contribute to positive developmental outcomes in childhood, and those that con-fer greater risk. Although the mechanisms by which the risk and protective factors affect developmental outcomes need to be further elucidated through re-search, converging findings from the field of child health (spanning both physi-cal and mental health) indicate that a biopsychosocial approach is useful. Here,we examine the evidence that early experiences confer both risk and protective processes on biopsychosocial development in childhood, and touch on some im-plications for the life course. Although this interdisciplinary field of researchhas already garnered substantial attention, here we aim to highlight the oppor-tunity to use a strengths-based approach with the biopsychosocial model, withparticular focus on children who experience prolonged stress. We close with consideration for future directions with an emphasis on policy and practice inclinical and educational settings to improve well-being in these early stages ofthe life course.
  • Blank, AE., Espino, SLR., Eastwood, B., Matoff-Stepp, S., Xavier, J.(2013). The HIV/AIDS Women of Color Initiative Improving Access to and Quality of Care for Women of Color. Journal of Health Care for The Poor and Unerserved,24(71), 15-26.» 摘要
    Abstract: In September 2009, the Health Resources and Services Administration, (HRSA) HIV-AIDS Bureau funded 11 programs to engage and retain women of color (WoC) living with HIV in care. This field report describes the rationale for this Special Project of National Significance (SPNS) initiative, the 11 programs in terms of their theoretical frameworks as well as the contexts and mechanism of care, and outlines some factors that may influence engaging and retaining WoC in care.
  • Boehm, A., Yoels, N.(2009). Effectiveness of Welfare Organizations: The Contribution of Leadership Styles, Staff Cohesion, and Worker Empowerment. British Journal of Social Work, 39(7), 1360-1380.» 摘要
    Abstract: Numerous recent studies reveal the contribution of leadership and leadership style, in particular, to effectiveness in different organizations (Sosik et al., 1998; Ogbnna and Harris, 2000; Hoyt and Blascovich, 2003; Hullinger, 2003; Berson and Avolio, 2004), including the field of welfare organizations (Gummer, 1995; Arches, 1997; Fisher, 2005; Mary, 2005). These publications suggest a preference for the transformational, compared with the transactional, leadership style. However, the studies reviewed do not examine the contribution of organizational leadership compared with other aspects of organizational life. Using the previous studies as its point of departure, the present research examines the contribution of the leadership styles of the directors in welfare departments to the effectiveness of the social workers in these organizations. However, it also undertakes another task, by comparing the contribution of leadership style to effectiveness with that of staff cohesion and social worker empowerment. Thus, the findings and discussion presented in this paper compare the respective contributions of three central levels of the organization to effectiveness-the administrative level (director's leadership styles), the staff level (staff cohesion), and the individual level of the social worker (worker empowerment). The research examines this issue in a public welfare department in Israel.
  • Bolton, K. W., Praetorius, R. T., & Smith-Osborne, A. (2016). Resilience Protective Factors in an Older Adult Population: A Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis. Social Work Research, 40(3), 171-182.» 摘要
    Abstract: Resilience is conceptualized as a dynamic process that leads to positive outcomes in the face of adversity. The resilience process consists of the activation and interaction of protective and vulnerability factors after encountering adversity. The present study seeks to integrate and synthesize the findings of existing qualitative studies premised in highlighting and exploring the protective factors associated with resilience in an older adult population through the systematic process of qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis. Results revealed nine distinct protective factors: (1) external connections, (2) meaningfulness, (3) previous experience with hardship, (4) grit, (5) self-care, (6) self-acceptance, (7) positive perspective on life, (8) independence, and (9) altruism. Findings offer researchers and practitioners a greater understanding of the protective factors associated with resilience among older adults and contribute to the advancement of resilience theory.
  • Brodsky A.E., Talwar G., Welsh E.A., Scheibler J.E., Backer P., Portnoy G.A., Carrillo A.& Kline E. (2012).The Hope in Her Eyes: The Role of Children in Afghan Women's Resilience. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(3), 358-366.» 摘要
    Abstract:Although responsibility for the care, nurturance, and protection of children can sometimes be viewed as an additional stress in the lives of at-risk women, this article describes the ways in which children act as protective factors in support of Afghan womens resilience. The qualitative data presented come from 110 interviews collected in Pakistan and Afghanistan between December 2001 and July 2002 with Afghan women, children, and men associated with the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA). RAWA, founded in 1977, is an Afghan womens underground resistance organization that promotes resilience through humanitarian and political activities. An iterative coding framework was developed to identify and explore processes of resilience and domain specific stressors (risks) and resources (protective factors). This article discusses the role of children as protective factors for women and RAWA. Although this article explores a unique setting and context, the authors argue that attention to childrens role as protective factors may provide an important, strengths-based approach and a useful mechanism to bolster womens resilience in an array of other contexts and conflicts.
  • Brown, O. & Robinson, J. (2012). Resilience in remarried families. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(1), 114-126.» 摘要
    Abstract:We aimed to identify, explore and describe the resiliency factors that enable remarried families to adjust and adapt. The Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation was used to conceptualize the factors that contribute to the families' adaptation process. Triangulation of method - with an exploratory, descriptive correlation design was used in this study. A biographical questionnaire with open-ended questions, in conjunction with a number of structured questionnaires, was used to gather the data. Non-probability purposive and snowball-sampling techniques were used to obtain the participants. Participants consisted of 19 parents and 16 adolescents, equalling a total of 35 participants. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the biographical information. Correlation analysis was used to analyse the quantitative data; and content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Family hardiness, problem-solving communication, and family time and routines showed a positive correlation with the FACI8 for both adults and adolescents; while acquiring social support, a subscale of the F-COPES showed a positive correlation with the FACI8 for the adults, and social support as measured by the SSI showed a positive correlation for the adolescents. The results of the qualitative component of the study revealed that various common themes emerged between the adult and adolescent participants' responses. These themes included spirituality, boundaries, communication, flexibility, and tolerance.
  • Bryant-Davis, T., Ellis, M.U., Burke-Maynard, E., Moon, N., Counts, P.A.& Anderson, G.(2012). Religiosity, Spirituality, and Trauma Recovery in the Lives of Children and Adolescents. Professional psychology-research and practice, 43(4), 306-314. » 摘要
    Abstract:Spirituality and religion are important but often neglected areas of clinical exploration. In recent years there has been some growth in traumatic studies' literature with regard to religion and spirituality in the provision of mental health services. However, while these studies demonstrate the importance of religious and spiritually competent care, much of the research involved refers to adults and has less emphasis on how children and adolescents utilize these constructs. In particular, a review of the literature reveals a limited body of research that explores how children apply religion and spirituality when coping with traumatic events. This literature review aims to contribute to the existing knowledge base by exploring the role of religion and spirituality in the lives of children and adolescents who have been, or are currently subjected to traumatic experience. It aims to delineate ways to incorporate and acknowledge the religion and spirituality of children and adolescents who are trauma survivors in treatment.
  • Bryant, VC., Shdaimah, C., Sander, RL., Cornelius, LJ.(2013). School as haven: Transforming school environments into welcoming learning communities. Children and Youth Services Review,35(5), 848-855. » 摘要
    Abstract:This study investigated school factors that impact attendance. Interviews and focus groups with over 60 key stakeholders from five Maryland counties were conducted. Respondents indicated that despite individual, family, and community factors that contribute to non-attendance, students will attend a school that is intentional about creating a welcoming climate that is supportive and academically stimulating. Attendance can be improved when schools evaluated policies that may unintentionally deter student attendance, when students feel heard by school personnel, and when students are given opportunities to establish supportive relationships with caring adults in and out of the classroom. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Bulotsky-Shearer, J. R., Manz, H. P., Mendez, L. J., McWayne, M. C., Sekino, Y.& Fantuzzo, W. J. (2012).Peer Play Interactions and Readiness to Learn: A Protective Influence for African American Preschool Children From Low-Income Households .Child Development Perspectives,6(3), 225-231.» 摘要
    Abstract:Guided by a strengths-based resiliency framework, this article reviews a body of research on the positive influence of interactive peer play for African American preschool children from low-income households. This literature provides evidence for positive associations among interactive peer play experiences at home and in school, and childrens early childhood social and academic skills. It presents the development and validation of three distinct dimensions of interactive peer play with African American children attending Head Start. It reviews research examining associations between these 3 dimensions and childrens academic and social outcomes, as well as evidence-based interventions designed to foster interactive peer play for this population. It highlights challenges and directions for future research, with emphasis on the likely research needed to extend our understanding of interactive peer play experiences for Latino and Asian American children and the complex mechanisms through which positive peer interactions during early childhood may support childrens early learning and development.
  • Burnes, T. R., Long, S. L. & Schept, R. A.(2012). A Resilience-Based Lens of Sex Work: Implications for Professional Psychologists. Professional Psychology-research and Practice, 43(2), 137-144.   » 摘要
    Abstract:An analysis of recent empirical and theoretical literature in psychology investigating sex work highlights the field's focus of pathology and stigma. We offer an alternative understanding of sex work by using a resilience-based lens and apply it to three areas of research with sex work. Specifically, we critique research investigating sex work-related phenomena in psychology and related fields that focus on pathology, stigma, and psychological sequelae using a resilience-based perspective about sex work language, location and practice environment, involvement with drugs and alcohol, and trauma. Implications for future practice and scholarship in professional psychology are also discussed, to help psychologists consider strength-based and empowerment-focused approaches for work with this population.
  • Burt, K. B. & Paysnick, A. A.(2012).Resilience in the transition to adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 493-505.  » 摘要
    Abstract: The emerging adulthood years, commonly defined as the late teens and twenties, represent a period of significant variability and change for much of the population. Thus, it is important for the field to consider pathways of at-risk youth as they move through this key window of development. We review research on positive outcomes in the transition to adulthood following a history of experienced adversity, including both investigations focused on resilience in diverse specific populations as well as broader longitudinal studies. There is compelling evidence for major protective and promotive factors identified in younger age periods continuing to exert an influence at this stage of development, along with evidence for new factors unique to this developmental time and/or to specific populations. We conclude by noting recommendations for future work in this area, emphasizing Garmezy's call for the testing of competing models.
  • Carlson, BE., Cacciatore, J., Klimek, B.(2013).A Risk and Resilience Perspective on Unaccompanied Refugee Minors. Social Work, 57(3), 259-269.  » 摘要
    Abstract: In the United States, unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) are a diverse and extremely vulnerable group served by social workers about whom there is little research. URMs enter the United States from many lands without parents or kin, often having experienced war and other traumatic events. Using a risk and resilience framework, we summarize the research on URMs, illustrating the challenges and issues with a case study of a resilient Lost Boy from Sudan who became a social worker. We discuss strengths, coping strategies, and resilience, exploring the ways in which many URMs are able to effectively meet the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture, thriving despite the extreme adversity they have experienced, as well as sources of resilience within URMs that have allowed them to adapt and even thrive in a vastly different cultural environment despite exposure to multiple risks. These sources of resilience include positive outlook, use of healthy coping mechanisms and religiosity, and connectedness to prosocial organizations. We conclude with recommendations for social work research to better understand the nature of risk and resilience among URMs.
  • Cai, C.F., Zhou, Z.K., Yeh, H., Hu, J.(2011). Empowerment and its effects on clinical nurses in central China. International Nursing Review. 58(1),138-144.» 摘要
    Abstract:Background: Chinese healthcare institutions have undergone constant changes in recent years. A large number of research studies conducted on work-related factors revealed that nurses in China experienced a low level of job satisfaction and a high level of turnover intention. Empowerment is one of the most important concepts in nursing and is most relevant to the study of nursing professionals' job-related outcomes.
    Aim: The aim of this study was to test the Job Characteristics Model and the mediating role of structural empowerment on the relationships between the job characteristics and work-related outcomes among clinical nurses from central China.
    Methods: Three self-reported questionnaires were administered to a sample of 238 clinical nurses from two hospitals in central China. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regressions.
    Findings: Correlations were significant between job characteristics and job-related outcomes, and the estimated model on the effect of empowerment reduced the unique contribution of job characteristics on internal work motivation (from 17.2% to 13.0%) and general job satisfaction (from13.4% to 10.1%), and eliminated the unique contribution of job characteristics on growth satisfaction (from 18.4% to 0%).
    Conclusions: The results supported the Job Characteristics Model in a nursing sample and empowerment mediated the impact of job characteristics on internal work motivation and general job satisfaction partially and on growth satisfaction completely.
  • Cakir, S.G., Guneri, O.Y. (2011). Exploring the factors contributing to empowerment of Turkish migrant women in the UK. International Journal of Psychology .46(3),223-233.» 摘要
    Abstract:This study examined the role of demographic factors (length of stay, education and language level), perceived discrimination, social support, four acculturation attitudes, and psychological distress in predicting empowerment among Turkish migrant women in the UK. The study sample comprised 248 Turkish migrant women (mean age: 34.38; SD: 7.6) living in London. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess empowerment, social support, acculturation attitude and psychological distress. The study hypothesized that perceived discrimination; acculturation attitudes of separation, assimilation and marginalization; and psychological distress would be negative predictors of empowerment and that social support and an integration acculturation attitude would be positive predictors of empowerment. To some extent, the study findings supported this hypothesis. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated psychological distress to be the most significant predictor of empowerment, with other significant predictors including level of education and social support. More specifically, lower levels of psychological distress and higher levels of education and social support appeared to predict greater empowerment. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that level of education and social support may function as protective factors and that psychological distress may function as a risk factor for empowerment in the migration context. The paper discusses the findings of this study in relation to the previous literature and notes their implications for future research and practice.
  • Camfield, L. (2012).Resilience and well-being among urban ethiopian children: what role do social resources and competencies play? Social Indicators Research, 107(3), 393-410.» 摘要
    Abstract:Many researchers working with children in materially poor communities in Ethiopia have observed that they report high levels of well-being, for example, they are happy and satisfied with their lives. This is taken as an example of resilience, or what may be defined as the capacity to bounce back from adverse experiences. While many Euro-American studies attribute resilience to individual competencies such as self-confidence, in the context of Ethiopia and other developing countries social competencies may be more important. Social competencies enable children to construct networks that extend beyond peer friendships and school-based networks. Their extensive networks mean they can access resources and convert these into well-being outcomes such as being well-nourished. However, their networks can be simultaneously advantageous and disadvantageous; for example, when children feel obliged to leave school to contribute to the household. The paper presents a mixed-method case-based analysis of four children aged 14-15 living in urban Ethiopia who were characterised by the author as more or less 'resilient' on the basis of survey data from Young Lives, a long-term study of childhood poverty. It uses survey and qualitative data to present a detailed account of these children's pathways to well-being and the complex role of social connections within these pathways.
  • Cano, J.R.(2012). Predictive-collaborative model as recovery and validation tool. Case of study: Psychiatric emergency department decision support. EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS, 39(4), 4044-4048.» 摘要
    Abstract:There is a frequent situation in data mining where data collected must be used in real time to support decisions and they could present missing or non consistent values. The objective of this proposal consists of the recovery of missing values and verifies the consistency and integrity of the provided, in order to increase the information to support decisions. To address this, a predictive-collaborative model has been designed. It is composed of different predictive models generated by means of a training set and classifier selection algorithm. The combined suggestions of these predictive models are offered to support decisions. As case of study, the psychiatric emergency department at the Doce de Octubre Hospital in Madrid has been considered, where the response time is critical and the data are acquired in a stress situation which affects the quality of data significantly.
  • Carlson, BE., Cacciatore, J., Klimek, B.(2012). A Risk and Resilience Perspective on Unaccompanied Refugee Minors. Social Work, 57(3), 259-269.» 摘要
    Abstract:In the United States, unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs) are a diverse and extremely vulnerable group served by social workers about whom there is little research. URMs enter the United States from many lands without parents or kin, often having experienced war and other traumatic events. Using a risk and resilience framework, we summarize the research on URMs, illustrating the challenges and issues with a case study of a resilient Lost Boy from Sudan who became a social worker. We discuss strengths, coping strategies, and resilience, exploring the ways in which many URMs are able to effectively meet the challenge of adapting to a new country and culture, thriving despite the extreme adversity they have experienced, as well as sources of resilience within URMs that have allowed them to adapt and even thrive in a vastly different cultural environment despite exposure to multiple risks. These sources of resilience include positive outlook, use of healthy coping mechanisms and religiosity, and connectedness to prosocial organizations. We conclude with recommendations for social work research to better understand the nature of risk and resilience among URMs.
  • Carp, J.M. (2010). Resiliency: The Essence of Survival in Chaos. Families in Society-The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 91(3), 266-271 . » 摘要
    • Abstract: Disaster mental health work requires additional skills and an enlarged vision of the human condition that values the resiliency and strengths that people have. Using models most social workers are trained to apply in clinical work is a potentially dangerous trap: People are likely to be perceived by professionals as victims or broken people, and lacking needed strength and resilience if that clinical lens is automatically or universally applied to people who experience traumatic incidents (terrorism, natural disasters, or the unexpected or violent death of a family member, peer, or significant other). Focusing only on the individual in these situations can cause professionals to lose the ability to focus equally upon the institutional and communal social systems that have also been thrown into chaos.
  • Case, R. A. (2016). Eco-social work and community resilience: Insights from water activism in Canada. Journal of Social Work, 17(4), 391-412.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Only recently has social work begun to grapple with its place in relation to environmental issues. While considerable progress has been made in bringing environmental considerations into the centre of our profession's scholarship and practice, this project is far from complete. Drawing on environmental literature and based on findings of a qualitative case study of water activism in one Canadian city, this paper argues that the concept of “community resilience” provides both a practical and a conceptual framework for advancing social work's engagement with issues of the natural environment and environmental justice through community praxis. In Guelph, Ontario, Canada, water issues are the focal point of considerable community activism. The case study research reveals, however, that while water is the focus, much of this activism is driven by three broad social priorities that reflect ideas of community resilience and which suggest entry points for social work participation in community-based environmental initiatives: self-reliance and sustainability, localization and direct citizen participation, and community. “Community resilience” is increasingly popular in environmental and community development fields as a conceptual framework for assessing and building the capacity of communities to support wellbeing in the face of environmental change, adversity and risk. While the concept of “resilience” is well established in social work, “community resilience” remains under-examined in social work literature. In this paper, the author draws attention to this arena of resilience thinking, highlighting its potential for the integration of considerations of the natural environment into social work scholarship, education, and practice.
  • Caspar, S., O'Rourke, N. (2011). Measurement of Workplace Empowerment Across Caregivers. Geriatric Nursing, 32(3), 156-165.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Culture change models (CCM) developed to improve the provision of individualized care in long-term care (LTC) facilities often include initiatives that are thought to empower care staff. Therefore, the ability to measure empowerment accurately across all levels of care staff is necessary. The objective of this study was to examine the structure of responses by registered nurses (RNs), licensed practical nurses (LPNs), and care aides to 3 instruments measuring workplaceempowerment: the Conditions of Work Effectiveness Questionnaire, Job Activities Scale, and Organizational Relationships Scale. Despite considerable differences in education and job function, both caregiver groups appear to interpret and respond to 38 of 40 empowerment items in a similar manner. Therefore, our findings support the inclusion of all care staff when using these instruments to measure work place empowerment in LTC settings.
  • Cattaneo, L.B., Calton, J.M., Brodsky, A.E. (2014). STATUS QUO VERSUS STATUS QUAKE: PUTTING THE POWER BACK IN EMPOWERMENT. Journal of Community Psychology, 42(4), 433-446.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Empowerment is a compelling concept inside and outside of community psychology, but widespread use has diffused its meaning such that it has come to mean almost any action intended to help a person or community. Consequently, it is difficult to synthesize research or compare programs that emphasize empowerment. We contend that two components of the construct are essential: relevance and power. Drawing on a theoretical model of empowerment, we explain the key connection between these components and social justice, and then explore the degree to which they are included in scholarly and lay applications of empowerment. We found the majority of applications leave out one, the other, or both components. To avoid the danger of not questioning, or worse, strengthening the status quo in the name of empowerment, empowerment needs to be firmly relocated on the bridge between individual and social power and anchored in the priorities of marginalized communities.
  • Chadiha, L. A. Adams, P., Biegel, D. E., Auslander, W. & Gutierrez, L. (2004). Empowering African American women informal caregivers：A literature synthesis and Practice strategies. Social Work, 49 (1), 97-108.» 摘譯
    Empowering African American women informal caregivers：A literature synthesis and Practice strategies
    本文綜合整理照顧者、增強權能、社會不平等和種族在健康及收入不平等文獻，作者認為非裔美國婦女照顧者在缺權之下的易處於脆弱狀態，並提出針對這些照顧者運用增強權能社工實務。這篇文章討論了非裔美國婦女照顧者的兩種現實經驗(堅強因應及易傷)以及兩種有關的理論架構(壓力與因應和增強權能架構)，以建構實務經驗。由增權及其他有關的文獻中，作者建議三個實務策略來服務這些照顧者。
  • Chambers, D., Thompson, S. (2009). Empowerment and its application in health promotion in acute care settings: nurses' perceptions. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(1), 130-138.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Empowerment and its application in health promotion in acute care settings: nurses' perceptions.
    Empowerment has long been a central tenet of health promotion theory. Globally, governments have advocated the use of empowerment in their public health policies. Nurses are seen as essential in the delivery of this agenda using the empowerment model to engage patients in self-care and decision-making.
    Six different vignettes requiring a health promotion intervention were shown to a convenience sample of 20 Registered Nurses in a United Kingdom acute care hospital. The nurses were asked to describe how they would meet the health promotion needs of the patients described in the vignettes. The data were collected between 2005 and 2006 and analysed using thematic analysis.
    Two types of practitioner were identified: Type I divergent nurse health promotion practitioner and Type II convergent nurse health promotion practitioner. The main factor distinguishing the two types was the way in which they conceptualized the verb 'to empower'.
    The theory of health promotion taught to participants does not seem to be applied in acute care settings. This raises the possibility that Registered Nurses acting as mentors and role models are convergent rather than divergent thinkers.
  • Chapin, R. K. (1995). Social Policy Development: The Strengths Perspective. Social Work, 40 (4), 506-514.» 摘譯
    • Social Policy Development: The Strengths Perspective
    社會政策發展的方法，相對於社會工作人與人之間直接干預方法一樣，以問題焦點、病理觀點為代表。優勢觀點是假設人們具有優點與資源，而不是視其問題和病態為社會工作提供助人過程的核心焦點，亦能使用於過去以問題焦點、病理觀點為焦點的社會政策發展領域。這篇文章將優勢觀點整合到社會政策，將社會需求或問題概念化，提供政策實踐者一項新工具，可運用於包括政策規劃、大量地政策授權與選擇等，這個整合方法也開始被討論。
  • Cheung, C. & Kam, P. K. (2012).Resiliency in older Hong Kong Chinese: Using the grounded theory approach to reveal social and spiritual conditions. Journal of Aging Studies, 26(3), 355-367.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Resiliency refers to the personal disposition favoring resilience, which is a state of adjustment in the face of adversity. As the nature and origin of resiliency are unclear, especially in older Hong Kong Chinese, the present study adopts a qualitative, grounded theory approach to elucidate resiliency. Findings from the study are notable because they contrast with existing knowledge. The study conducted personal interviews with 15 older Hong Kong Chinese identified by elderly service workers as resilient to recent adversities. Consequently, the study identifies a grounded, social-spiritual dialectic theory that relates resiliency to its contributors in early living conditions, family socialization, and religious faith. According to qualitative data, resiliency, which is characterized by self-reliance, openness, and relaxation, turns out to be a result of isolation in living conditions and family socialization. Isolation can also lead to religious faith, which is another contributor to resiliency. These findings are different from existing knowledge that social support is a basis for resiliency. They imply the possibility of converting negative experiences into impetus for generating resiliency. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Cheung, C.& Yue, X.(2012). Sojourn students' humor styles as buffers to achieve resilience. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36(3), 353-364.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Resiliency refers to the personal disposition favoring resilience, which is a state of adjustment in the face of adversity. As the nature and origin of resiliency are unclear, especially in older Hong Kong Chinese, the present study adopts a qualitative, grounded theory approach to elucidate resiliency. Findings from the study are notable because they contrast with existing knowledge. The study conducted personal interviews with 15 older Hong Kong Chinese identified by elderly service workers as resilient to recent adversities. Consequently, the study identifies a grounded, social-spiritual dialectic theory that relates resiliency to its contributors in early living conditions, family socialization, and religious faith. According to qualitative data, resiliency, which is characterized by self-reliance, openness, and relaxation, turns out to be a result of isolation in living conditions and family socialization. Isolation can also lead to religious faith, which is another contributor to resiliency. These findings are different from existing knowledge that social support is a basis for resiliency. They imply the possibility of converting negative experiences into impetus for generating resiliency. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Chew, J., Carpenter, J., & Haase, A. M. (2017). Young People's Experiences of Epilepsy: A Scoping Review of Qualitative Studies. Health & Social Work, 42(3), 167-176.» 摘要
    Abstract: Research on childhood epilepsy has predominantly used quantitative methodologies to examine the impact of epilepsy on young people and their families. These studies generally give a negative picture of the condition, which is at odds with a strengths-based social work perspective, and provide little understanding of young people's experiences of living with epilepsy. A systematic review of qualitative studies that explored young people's perspectives was conducted. Inclusion criteria were as follows: young people ages 13 to 18 years diagnosed with epilepsy, qualitative data collection methods, studies published in English-language peer-reviewed journals, and gray literature. Of 501 abstracts identified, 52 full-length texts were reviewed, with 17 studies being included for final analysis. The emergent themes were seizures and medications; relationships; issues and concerns involving their families, peers, and schools; and young people's reactions to epilepsy. It is essential to understand issues presented by young people for improving practice and developing services, as these issues highlight areas for potential social work interventions. It is also essential to adopt a strengths perspective when considering these findings and implications for hospital social work, as young people's experiences were not always negative.
  • Chong, V., Um, K., Hahn, M., Pheng, D., Yee, C., Auerswald, C., (2009). Toward an intersectional understanding of violence and resilience: An exploratory study of young Southeast Asian men in Alameda and Contra Costa County, California. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(6), 461-469.» 摘要
    Abstract: There is a nascent, but growing, literature on Southeast Asian youth violence that focuses on the role of acculturation, portraying violence as a problem of maladaptation. However, scholars overlook the ways in which violence holds meaning for the youth who experience it and how violence may be related to racial and gender identity formation. We conducted a qualitative study with young Southeast Asian men to elicit the role violence plays in their understanding of what it means for them to be Southeast Asian and male. We conducted focus groups and semi-structured individual interviews with an ethnically diverse group of 21 young Southeast Asian men 13-17 years of age from Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California. Data were analyzed using the extended case method approach. Our findings illustrate that violence and engagement with community-based organizations are situational tools that these young Southeast Asian men use to navigate their social contexts in an attempt to be resilient in ecological contexts marked by alienation and discrimination, as well as to construct accepted and successful racial and gender identities. Furthermore, we found that their actions were guided by gendered codes of conduct, such as a "code of the street.
  • Christens, B. D.& Peterson, N. A. (2012).The Role of Empowerment in Youth Development: A Study of Sociopolitical Control as Mediator of Ecological Systems' Influence on Developmental Outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(5), 623-635.» 摘要
    Abstract: Empowerment has become an influential concept and theoretical framework for social policy and practice. Still, relatively little is known about the roles that empowerment plays in the ecology of human development, particularly among young people. This article reports results of a study of psychological empowerment among young people, using data from 629 high school students (65.8% female; 96.5% non-white). Using a path analysis, we examined the role of perceived sociopolitical control-an indicator of the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment-as a mediator between ecological support systems and developmental outcomes. Findings confirmed that social support in family, peer, and school settings, and family cohesion positively predict self-esteem and perceived school importance, which, in turn, have protective effects on psychological symptoms, violent behaviors and substance use. Sociopolitical control was found to mediate the relationships between ecological supports and risk factors and developmental outcomes, leading to the conclusion that perceived efficacy in the sociopolitical domain, and youth empowerment, more generally, should be considered as core elements of the ecology of human development. Policy and practice aimed at promoting positive developmental outcomes and preventing risk behaviors should take their relationship to sociopolitical control into account.
  • Christens, B.D., Peterson, N.A., Speer, P.W.(2011). Community Participation and Psychological Empowerment: Testing Reciprocal Causality Using a Cross-Lagged Panel Design and Latent Constructs. Health Education Behavior, 38(4),339-347.» 摘譯
    • Abstract:Empowerment theory provides both a value orientation for community-based research and practice, and a conceptual framework for understanding and evaluating interventions. One critical question in empowerment theory involves whether a reciprocal (bidirectional) relationship exists between community participation (CP) and psychological empowerment (PE). This study applied structural equation modeling (SEM) with two waves of survey data from a cross-lagged panel design to test reciprocal and unidirectional causal relations between latent variables representing CP and PE. Participants (n = 474) were randomly selected neighborhood residents and organizational members from the United States. Four models were tested using SEM: (a) a baseline model with autoregressive paths, (b) a model with autoregressive effects and CP predicting future PE, (c) a model with autoregressive effects and PE predicting future CP, and (d) a fully cross-lagged model. Results indicated that CP influenced future PE; however, reciprocal causality was not found to occur between the variables. Implications of the study for empowerment theory and community-based practice are described, and directions for future research discussed.
  • Clauss-Ehlers, C.S.（2008）. Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of applied developmental psychology, 29（3）, 197-212.» 摘譯
    Sociocultural factors, resilience, and coping: Support for a culturally sensitive measure of resilience. Journal of applied developmental psychology
    本調查呈現（1）瀏覽考量逆境和復原力如何影響來自不同文化背景的青少年發展之文獻；（2）檢視關於文化因素之復原力測量，文化因素與不同種族／族群背景青少年間的因應本質和復原力有關；（3）探索文化復原力的面向：童年的壓力、總體的因應、適應的因應、適應不良的因應和社會文化支持。一份305個女性大學生的研究結果指出文化因素與測量此五種復原力的面向有關。來自不同的種族／族群和社會階級背景所感受到的童年壓力源有所不同，支持生態因素，特別是文化背景和經驗，會影響復原力的發展的觀點。本文提出一個概念性架構來說明文化如何影響復原力和因應，同時也討論了有關發展文化復原力測量的影響和其對開發的社區處遇之實用性的相關意涵。
  • Cohen, A.,(2009). Welfare Clients' Volunteering as a Means of Empowerment. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38(3), 522-534.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The population approaching social services for help is often characterized by poverty, passivity, helplessness, and an external locus of control. This population expects improvement in its situation but develops a dependent relationship with the help agents. The literature shows that volunteer work contributes toward developing empowerment among volunteers, but to date only a relatively small number of welfare clients have been activated as volunteers, serving more as the object of others' volunteer work. This article describes a classic experimental study, checking the connection between welfare clients' volunteering and their individual feeling of empowerment. The main and most significant finding in the study demonstrated that individual feeling of empowerment among clients who engaged in volunteer work was higher than that of clients not engaged in such work. The findings suggest that volunteer work may serve as an effective intervention tool in social work, whose aim is change in welfare clients' feelings of empowerment.
  • Cohler, B. J. (2012).Confronting Destruction: Social Context and Life Story in the Diaries of Two Adolescents in Eastern European Ghettos During the Shoah. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(2),220-230.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Life-writing, such as in diaries and memoirs, offers a means for managing misfortune and fosters an enhanced sense of self-coherence. The devastation that accompanied the effort by the Third Reich to destroy Europes Jewish citizens challenged resilience, sense of personal agency, and the capacity to deal with personal loss and the destruction of community. The capacity for writing a coherent life story first emerges during adolescence. Reporting on the diaries of two adolescents living in Eastern European ghettos, this study considers the coping techniques that these adolescent diarists used even as they confronted their own demise. At the same time, the differing social contexts of the Lodz and Vilna ghettos posed somewhat different challenges to the resilience of these diarists. This study considers both life-writing and coping in the context both of adolescent psychological development and social context using Lazarus portrayal of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping as conditions became ever more dire in each ghetto.
  • Cookson, C., Casey, J . (2013). Social support following stroke. Psychologist, 26 (8),566-569.»摘要
    Abstract: Many people are affected, indirectly or directly, by stroke. With health services under considerable financial pressure, the availability of cheap, easily delivered means of encouraging a quick and extensive recovery is of utmost importance. Evidence suggests that social support has long-term consequences for physiological and psychological well-being, and plays an important role during a patient's recovery from a range of maladies. This article summarises the research highlighting the importance of social support on physical and psychological recovery from a stroke. Also considered are cross-cultural studies, the mechanisms by which the process is thought to work, the effects social support can have for the carers of stroke patients and finally the relevance this research has for modern clinical practice.
  • Cornwall, A., Edwards, J. (2010). Introduction: Negotiating Empowerment. Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies, 41 (2): 1-9.»摘要
    Abstract: This introductory article draws out some of the dimensions and dilemmas around women's empowerment that are highlighted in the articles in this IDS Bulletin: the choices, the negotiations, the narratives and above all, the context of women's lived experience. In doing so, we show that empowerment is a complex process that requires more than the quick and easy solutions often offered by development agencies. Much of the significant change happening in women's lives takes place outside of the range of these conventional interventions. In conclusion, we suggest that for development agencies to really support women's empowerment requires greater engagement with changing structures rather than accommodating women within the inequitable existing order, and a much deeper understanding of what makes change happen in their lives.
  • Coyne, C.J. & Lemke, J.(2012). Lessons from The Cultural and Political Economy of Recovery. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 71(1), 215-228.» 摘要

    Abstract:This essay reviews four of the central themes in Emily Chamily-Wright's The Cultural and Political Economy of Recovery. These themes include: (1) the cultural toolkit, (2) the use of qualitative methods in social science research, (3) polycentricism and disaster recovery, and (4) entrepreneurship in non-priced environments. Our purpose is twofold. First, to make clear Chamlee-Wright's contributions to our understanding of disaster recovery. Second, to demonstrate how these themes provide an opportunity for interdisciplinary exchange by blending insights from across the social sciences
  • Dakin, E. K., Parker, S. N., Amell, J. W., & Rogers, B. S. (2015). Seeing with our own eyes: Youth in Mathare, Kenya use photovoice to examine individual and community strengths. Qualitative Social Work, 14(2), 170-192.» 摘要
    Abstract:In this study, youth residents of the Mathare community of Nairobi, Kenya documented individual and community strengths using photovoice, a method that is grounded in the principles of community-based participatory research. Research was conducted in collaboration with the Mwelu Foundation, a youth-based participatory photography organization in Mathare. Template analysis was used to code the data, and industriousness, positive identity, community resources, and resilience emerged as the identified individual and community strengths. The project highlighted the value of photovoice for promoting empowerment and highlighting the perspectives of largely invisible populations. Implications of photovoice for social work research and practice are discussed.
  • Dale, S.K., Cohen, M.H., Kelso, G.A., Cruise, R.C., Weber, K.M., Watson, C., Burke-Miller, J.K., Brody, L.R. (2014). Resilience Among Women with HIV: Impact of Silencing the Self and Socioeconomic Factors. Sex Roles, 70(5-6), 221-231.» 摘要
    Abstract:In the U.S., women account for over a quarter of the approximately 50,000 annual new HIV diagnoses and face intersecting and ubiquitous adversities including gender inequities, sexism, poverty, violence, and limited access to quality education and employment. Women are also subjected to prescribed gender roles such as silencing their needs in interpersonal relationships, which may lessen their ability to be resilient and function adaptively following adversity. Previous studies have often highlighted the struggles encountered by women with HIV without focusing on their strengths. The present cross-sectional study investigated the relationships of silencing the self and socioeconomic factors (education, employment, and income) with resilience in a sample of women with HIV. The sample consisted of 85 women with HIV, diverse ethnic/racial groups, aged 24-65 enrolled at the Chicago site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study in the midwestern region of the United States. Measures included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale -10 item and the Silencing the Self Scale (STSS). Participants showed high levels of resilience. Women with lower scores on the STSS (lower self-silencing) reported significantly higher resilience compared to women with higher STSS scores. Although employment significantly related to higher resilience, silencing the self tended to predict resilience over and above the contributions of employment, income, and education. Results suggest that intervention and prevention efforts aimed at decreasing silencing the self and increasing employment opportunities may improve resilience.
  • Davidson, L., Bellamy, C., Guy, K.& Miller, R. (2012). Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience. World psychiatry, 11(2), 123-128.» 摘要
    Abstract:Peer support is largely considered to represent a recent advance in community mental health, introduced in the 1990s as part of the mental health service user movement. Actually, peer support has its roots in the moral treatment era inaugurated by Pussin and Pinel in France at the end of the 18th century, and has re-emerged at different times throughout the history of psychiatry. In its more recent form, peer support is rapidly expanding in a number of countries and, as a result, has become the focus of considerable research. Thus far, there is evidence that peer staff providing conventional mental health services can be effective in engaging people into care, reducing the use of emergency rooms and hospitals, and reducing substance use among persons with co-occurring substance use disorders. When providing peer support that involves positive self-disclosure, role modeling, and conditional regard, peer staff have also been found to increase participants' sense of hope, control, and ability to effect changes in their lives; increase their self-care, sense of community belonging, and satisfaction with various life domains; and decrease participants' level of depression and psychosis.
  • Dierckx, D., Van Dam, S. (2014). Redefining Empowerment Interventions of Migrants Experiencing Poverty: The Case of Antwerp, Belgium. British Journal of Social Work, 44, 105-122.» 摘要
    Abstract:This qualitative research examines the strategies migrants experiencing poverty develop to access social rights and services. We conducted thirty-five in-depth interviews with Moroccan and Turkish migrants experiencing poverty in the city of Antwerp, Belgium. These interviews resulted in a typology of migrants in poverty based on the methods they use to empower themselves and influence their environment. The determining factors that influence these different strategies are directly linked to the accessibility of social work practices. Therefore, we evaluated local public and social work policies based on what motivates the different typologies of migrants experiencing poverty. Our findings confirm the importance of collaboration between organisations involved in empowerment interventions for migrants experiencing poverty on the local level and the need for reshaping local coalitions in social work practice. We consider the long-term success of integration courses for newcomers, especially the impact they have on the accessibility of social work practices. We also note serious weaknesses concerning language policies in social services, as well as the shame and denial of poverty by clients due to their migration background or the social pressure of their community. Finally, the role of civil society organisations in poverty eradication is questioned.
  • DiFulvio, G.T. (2011), Sexual minority youth, social connection and resilience: From personal struggle to collective identity. Social Science & Medicine,72(10), 1611-1617. » 摘要
    Abstract: Sexual minority youth are at increased risk for negative health outcomes including substance abuse, depression, anxiety, and suicide. Researchers suggest that sexual orientation victimization is a predictor of such outcomes. Social connectedness or the importance of belonging where youth perceive they are cared for and empowered within a given context has been associated with positive youth outcomes. This qualitative study utilized life story methodology. Life stories are considered to be important expressions of one's identity and are shaped by personal, social, and cultural contexts. Twenty-two interviews were conducted with 15 young people ranging in age from 14 to 22 years. Two focus groups with youth were also conducted. Youth were recruited from rural and urban communities in Massachusetts. This study contributes to the literature on resilience by including the voices of sexual minority youth and explores the meaning of social connection in their lives. Youth discuss the ways in which individual connection and group affiliation served to affirm one's identity, and provided a forum for moving personal struggle to collective action. The findings suggest the need to reconceptualize consequences of disconnection (such as depression or suicide) from individual pathology and attend to these consequences as a response to discrimination and stigma. Implications for these findings and areas for future research are discussed.
  • Drury J. & Williams R. (2012). Children and young people who are refugees, internally displaced persons or survivors or perpetrators of war, mass violence and terrorism. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(4), 277-284.» 摘要
    Abstract:

    Recent research describes children's distress and the disorders they may develop consequent on their direct and indirect exposure to war. This article covers general responses as well as those that affect refugees, displaced children, and child soldiers. Dose of exposure is the main predictor of their degree of distress. Often, loss of parental support predicts distress or disorder. Research on children who are refugees and internally displaced persons has found that they cope better with the distressing events surrounding their flight if their parents accompany them. Studies of child soldiers show that they suffer from guilt as well as experiencing many violent distressing events. Research has identified the factors that contribute to their resilience, which include their acceptance by the communities to which they return. There are personal and social sources of resilience, including emotion regulation, parenting, and social support, for children who are exposed to war.

    Summary

    Much of the recent research confirms earlier findings, which demonstrate that their exposure to war and collective violence leads to distress for many children and/or mental disorders for a smaller but substantial minority of them. The literature shows interest in identifying and measuring protective factors. The emphasis in the articles we reviewed on social as well as personal factors that confer psychosocial resilience reflects the broad interest in the two canons of literature on children's development and disasters. The findings point powerfully to people's needs for holistic and community-level interventions.
  • Drury, J., Reicher, S. (2009). Collective Psychological Empowerment as a Model of Social Change: Researching Crowds and Power. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 707-725.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The issue of psychological empowerment in crowd events has important implications for both theory and practice. Theoretically, the issue throws light on both intergroup conflict and the nature and functions of social identity. Practically, empowerment in collective events can feed into societal change. The study of empowerment therefore tells us something about how the forces pressing for such change might succeed or fail. The present article first outlines some limitations in the conceptualization of both identity and empowerment in previous research on crowd events, before delineating the elaborated social identity model of crowds and power. We then describe recent empirical contributions to the field. These divide into two areas of research: (1) empowerment variables and (2) the dynamics of such empowerment. We finally suggest how psychological empowerment and social change are connected through crowd action. We conclude with some recommendations for practice following from the research described.
  • Dunlap, E., Golub, A., & Johnson. (2006). The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era:Empowerment is not Enough. Journal of Sociology Welfare, 33 (3), 115-139» 摘譯
    The Severely-Distressed African American Family in the Crack Era:Empowerment is not Enough
    無數的非裔美國人家庭持續對抗一世代間的貧窮問題，特別是在美國的市區中。這樣的情況因1980~1990間古柯鹼等毒品的使用變得更危急。這些家庭對古柯鹼的使用成癮、控制了他們的生活，及取代了其家庭責任。使用毒品的行為對原本已緊崩的親屬支持網絡壓力更形沉重。文章檢視了兩個戰勝這樣過程的兩戶人家。在2000年，生在古柯鹼世代的兒童，想要儘力想要避免使用，卻面臨許多的困難。這同時呈現挑戰及機會。文章提出同時採用社會問題和優勢觀點來協助這些家庭幫助他們自己改善經濟環境。
  • Earnshaw, VA., Bogart, LM., Dovidio, JF., Williams, DR (2013). Stigma and Racial/Ethnic HIV Disparities Moving Toward Resilience. American Psychologist, 68(4), 225-236.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Prior research suggests that stigma plays a role in racial/ethnic health disparities. However, there is limited understanding about the mechanisms by which stigma contributes to HIV-related disparities in risk, incidence and screening, treatment, and survival and what can be done to reduce the impact of stigma on these disparities. We introduce the Stigma and HIV Disparities Model to describe how societal stigma related to race and ethnicity is associated with racial/ethnic HIV disparities via its manifestations at the structural level (e.g., residential segregation) as well as the individual level among perceivers (e.g., discrimination) and targets (e.g., internalized stigma). We then review evidence of these associations. Because racial/ethnic minorities at risk of and living with HIV often possess multiple stigmas (e.g., HIV-positive, substance use), we adopt an intersectionality framework and conceptualize interdependence among co-occurring stigmas. We further propose a resilience agenda and suggest that intervening on modifiable strength-based moderators of the association between societal stigma and disparities can reduce disparities. Strengthening economic and community empowerment and trust at the structural level, creating common ingroup identities and promoting contact with people living with HIV among perceivers at the individual level, and enhancing social support and adaptive coping among targets at the individual level can improve resilience to societal stigma and ultimately reduce racial/ethnic HIV disparities.
  • Eldar-Avidan, D., Haj-Yahia, M.M., Greenbaum, C.W. (2009). Divorce is a part of my life... Resilience, Survival, and Vulnerability: Young Adults' Perception of the Implications of Parental Divorce. Ournal of Marital and Family and Family Therapy, 35(1), 30-46.» 摘要
    • Abstract: A qualitative study among 22 young adults (20-25 years old) whose parents divorced during their childhood was conducted in Israel, using semi-structured, in-depth, open-ended interviews. Qualitative data analysis led to identification of three profiles, aiming at a grounded theoretical conceptualization. Three core themes were identified: the centrality of the family; short- and long-term implications of parental divorce and its relations to supportive coping resources; and perspective at young adulthood. Further analysis led to typifying participants by three profiles, which represent the grounded theoretical conceptualizations: resilience, survival, and vulnerability. The most prominent difference among the profiles was the relationships between participants and their parents, and their perception of ongoing parental responsibility. A thorough discussion of the results and their implications for future research, theory development, and practice are presented.
  • Engstrom, M., Skytt, B., Nilsson, A.(2011).Working life and stress symptoms among caregivers in elderly care with formal and no formal competence. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(6),732-741.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Aim The aim of the present study was to describe and compare caregivers with formal and no formal competence on job satisfaction, psychosomatic health, structural and psychological empowerment and perceptions of care quality. A further aim was to study relationships among study variables.
    Methods A convenience sample of 572 caregivers in elderly care participated.
    Results Caregivers with no formal competence perceived higher workload, more communication obstacles, less competence, poorer sleep and more stress symptoms than did their colleagues. Linear regression analyses revealed that the factor self-determination was an explanatory variable of stress levels among caregivers with no formal competence, and self-determination and impact among caregivers with formal competence. Linear regression analysis revealed that different dimensions in structural and psychological empowerment explained the variance in staff job satisfaction, perceived stress symptoms and quality of care.
    Conclusions No formal competence seems to be a risk factor for psychosomatic health problems.
    Implications for nursing management Managers need to have a strategic plan for how to create a working environment for caregivers with no formal competence. Caregivers' self-determination seems to be important for stress symptoms. Meaning, self-determination, impact and opportunities appear to be important for job satisfaction and competence, opportunities, resources and formal power for quality of care.
  • Erazo Caicedo, María Isabel, Jiménez Ruiz, María del Carmen, López Morales, Carmelina(2014). Women's empowerment: its role in the self-management of the Community El Hormiguero - Valle del Cauca. Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana , 32(1),149-157 .» 摘要
    • Abstract:This article reveals the role of women's empowerment, and how it enables their essential role in the economic, social and environmental sphere, turning into a transformational leadership that allows their voices to be heard. This work arises as a result of the research project called "Community Self-Management for psychosocial development of the El Hormiguero township of the city of Santiago de Cali (Valle del Cauca)", developed by a group of professors of the psychology program at the University Antonio Narmo-Cali, who are part of a research group. The results show that in recent decades women have gained important spaces. The discourse of these elderly Afrocolombian women is of great richness insofar it combines popular knowledge, as collective knowledge situated in everyday experiences and as a tool to facilitate the participation and strengthening of identity.
  • Erhart, M., Wille, N., Ravens-Sieberer, U. (2008). Empowerment of Children and Adolescents - The Role of Personal and Social Resources and Personal Autonomy for Subjective Health. Gesundheitswesen, 70(12), 721-729.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Aim: Scientific research on empowerment so far is nearly exclusively focused on the adult population. Nevertheless, it is possible to show a link between empowerment and a) the developmental psychology concepts of resilience, b) autogenetic concepts and c) concepts of risks and resources. This paper aims to study the role of personal, familial and other social resources as well as personal autonomy for Subjective health-ratings.
    Methods: A secondary analysis of the health data of 7000 children and adolescents aged 10-17 years of the German health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) study as well as 1700 children aged 11-17 years of the mental health module (BELLA Study) within the German health interview and examination survey for children and adolescents (KiGGS) was performed. Statistical analyses encompassed analyses of variance and linear regression.
    Results: Analyses of the HBSC study showed a protective effect for school-class climate as well as parental support, whereby school was associated with fewer self-reported health complaints. Analyses of the BELLA/KiGGS study showed personal, familial and other social resources as well as personal autonomy as unique predictors for a better health-related quality of life (KINDL-R). This was true even if psychological problems were observed.
    Conclusion: The results confirm the importance of strengthening personal, familial and other social resources as well as the principal importance of personal autonomy for coping with health risks and health impairments. Future research explicitly focussed on empowerment could relate to the role of personal resources within children's and adolescents' contact with the medical and health care system. It can be expected that strengthening personal resources benefits and improves the communication and active participation of children and adolescents within treatment-decision and -evaluation.
  • Everly G.S., Davy J.A., Smith K.J., Lating J.M., Nucifora F.C.(2011). A Defining Aspect of uman Resilience in the Workplace: A Structural Modeling Approach. Disaster Medicine And Public Health Preparedenss, 5(2), 98-105.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Objectives: It has been estimated that up to 90% of the US population is exposed to at least 1 traumatic event during their lifetime. Although there is growing evidence that most people are resilient, meaning that they have the ability to adapt to or rebound from adversity, between 5% and 10% of individuals exposed to traumatic events meet criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Therefore, identifying the elements of resilience could lead to interventions or training programs designed to enhance resilience. In this article, we test the hypothesis that the effects of stressor conditions on outcomes such as job-related variables may be mediated through the cognitive and affective registrations of those events, conceptualized as subjective stress arousal.Methods: The subjects were 491 individuals employed in public accounting, who were sampled from a mailing list provided by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The stressors used in this study were role ambiguity, role conflict, and role overload and the outcome measures were performance, turnover intentions, job satisfaction, and burnout. Stress arousal was measured using a previously developed stress arousal scale. We conducted a series of 2 EQS structural modeling analyses to assess the impact of stress arousal. The first model examined only the direct effects from the role stressors to the outcome constructs. The second model inserted stress arousal as a mediator in the relations between the role stressors and the outcomes.Results: The results of our investigation supported the notion that subjective stress arousal provides greater explanatory clarity by mediating the effects of stressors upon job-related outcome. Including stress arousal in the model provided a much more comprehensive understanding of the relation between stressor and outcomes, and the contribution of role ambiguity and role conflict were better explained.Conclusions: By understanding these relations, anticipatory guidance and crisis intervention programs can be designed and implemented to enhance human resilience. These data could serve to improve training programs for these "at risk" professional groups or even the population as a whole.
  • Felix, ED., You, SK., Canino, G.(2013). SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY INFLUENCES ON THE LONG TERM POSTDISASTER RECOVERY OF CHILDREN AND YOUTH FOLLOWING HURRICANE GEORGES. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(8), 1021-1038 .» 摘要
    • Abstract:Disasters affect the school and community microsystems in which children and youth recover. This study explored characteristics of the school (school violence, teachers' attitudes) and community microsystem (neighborhood climate, neighborhood monitoring, community violence) that may affect the disaster exposure and internalizing psychopathology relationship in children and youth aged 12-27 months after Hurricane Georges hit Puerto Rico. A representative sample (N = 1,637) of caregivers and children/youth completed structured interviews in Spanish. Controlling for gender and perception of poverty, for children (aged 6-10 years), hurricane exposure increased risk for internalizing psychopathology, but the school and community variables did not have an influence. For all youth (aged 11-17 years), witnessing community violence and poor teacher attitudes increased the risk of psychopathology. In addition, neighborhood climate and school violence were moderators. For nonexposed youth, poor neighborhood climate and perceiving greater school violence increased the risk of internalizing psychopathology, whereas for exposed youth it did not. (C) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, ,Inc.
  • Ferrari, J.R., Stevens, E.B., Legler, R.& Jason, L.A.(2012). Hope, self-esteem, and self-regulation: positive characteristic among men and woman in recovery. Journal of community psychology, 40(3), 292-300.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Hopefulness remains unclear in relation to aspects of self-control and self-esteem among adults in substance abuse recovery. The present study explored the relationship between dispositional hope (agency and pathway) with self-esteem (self-liking, self-competency, and self-confidence) and self-regulation (impulse control and self-discipline), using a latent variable measurement model and structural equation modeling among adults (n = 601) residing in a communal living setting for persons in substance abuse recovery. Results showed that multiple dimensions of these constructs were significant as individual predictors. With persons in recovery, self-regulation included impulsivity control and self-discipline, while self-esteem reflected self-liking, competence, and a sense of self-confidence. Furthermore, both hope-pathways and hope-agency significantly related to self-control/impulse control but not self-control/discipline, and self-esteem/competency was associated with hope-pathways but not hope-agency. (C) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
  • Filbert, K.M., Flynn, R.J. (2010). Developmental and cultural assets and resilient outcomes in First Nations young people in care: An initial test of an explanatory model. Children And Youth Services Review, 32 (4): 560-564.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Resilience has been defined as a positive adaptation in the face of serious threats to development (Masten, 2006). The present study is among the first to focus on resilience among Canadian First Nations youth living in out-of-home care, who constitute the largest group of Aboriginal youth in care. The participants were 97 First Nations young people (49 males, 48 females), aged 10-17 and drawn from an ongoing study of young people in care in Ontario, Canada. The second Canadian adaptation of the Assessment and Action Record (AAR-C2-2006; Flynn, Vincent & Legault, 2009) from Looking After Children was used to collect data on all of the study variables. The criterion variables were the young person's prosocial behavior, self-esteem, educational performance, and behavioral difficulties. The predictor variables were the levels of the young person's developmental assets and cultural assets, with statistical controls for gender, age, and level of cumulative risk. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the greater the level of the youth's developmental assets, the higher was his or her level of resilience on all four criterion variables. Also, the greater the level of the young person's cultural assets, the lower was his or her level of behavioral difficulties. The implications of the findings for child welfare practice with First Nations youth in care were discussed.
  • Fishbane, M.D.(2011).Facilitating Relational Empowerment in Couple Therapy. Family Process, 50(3), 337-352.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Couples in distressed relationships often get caught up in power struggles, "Power Over" interactions that are informed by both neurobiology (e.g., the fight flight reaction) and by cultural assumptions (e.g., competition, individualism, and patriarchy). This article seeks to widen the discourse about power by highlighting "Power To" and "Power With." Power To includes the ability to self-regulate, to read and manage one's own emotions, and to have voice while respecting the other's voice. Power With reflects the couple's commitment to conurture the relationship through empathy, respect, and generosity. Power To and Power With are proposed to constitute relational empowerment, the ability to navigate one's inner world and the interpersonal realm. The neurobiology of both couples' reactivity and relational empowerment are considered. Techniques are offered to facilitate Power To and Power With, interventions that interrupt couples' cycles of reactivity and allow them to make more thoughtful choices. Emotion regulation and empathy are particularly important skills of relational empowerment, and examples are offered to increase these capacities in couple therapy. The therapeutic perspective offered in this article challenges cultural practices and assumptions that keep intimate partners polarized in power struggles, and explores how relational empowerment can foster an egalitarian, mutually respectful relationship.
  • Fox, F.E., Rodham, K.J., Harris, M.F., Taylor, G.J., Sutton, J., Scott, J. ,Robinson, B.(2009). Experiencing "The Other Side": A Study of Empathy and Empowerment in General Practitioners Who Have Been Patients. Qualitative Health Research, 19(11), 1580-1588.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Work-related pressures and susceptibility to health problems mean that many general practitioners (GPs) will, at some stage, experience the role of patient. However qualitative evidence about their experiences of illness and patienthood is sparse. Our study offers an interpretative perspective on GPs' experiences of illness and the influence that this has had on their practice. Seventeen GPs who had experienced significant illness took part in semistructured interviews. Data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). The findings highlight the relationship between empathy and empowerment and explore the role of self-disclosure of GP status by GPs in consultations. We make suggestions as to how empathy in doctor-patient relationships can be developed through consideration of power and status as well as through interaction with patients from similar backgrounds. Future research should focus on more specific ways to integrate these ideas into medical training.
  • Fradkin, C., Weschenfelder, G. V., & Yunes, M. A. M. (2016). Shared adversities of children and comic superheroes as resources for promoting resilience. Child abuse & neglect, 51, 407-415.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Comic superheroes are an untapped resource for empowering vulnerable children.
  • Francescato, D. ,Solimeno, A., Mebane, M.E., Tomai, M.(2009). Increasing Students’ Perceived Sociopolitical Empowerment Through Online and Face-To-Face Community Psychology Seminars. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(7), 874-894.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Community psychology theorists underline the importance of promoting sociopolitical empowerment, but few studies have been conducted on the evaluation of the efficacy of empowering program among university students. The authors report two studies: the first, with 216 psychology majors, compared the efficacy of face-to-face and online community psychology seminars in promoting perceived sociopolitical empowerment and self efficacy. The second, with 170 psychology majors, explored if differences in teachers experiences affected students sociopolitical empowerment. Results of ANOVA, on measures of empowerment and self-efficacy, indicate that learning community psychology principles and a community analysis skill did increase sociopolitical empowerment and efficacies in all studies, both in online and face-to-face settings, regardless of teachers' experience. Implications for promoting active citizenship and attracting more students to community psychology programs are discussed.
  • Frisby, N. B., Booth-Butterfield, M. , Dillow, R. M. ,Martin, M. M. &Weber, D. K. (2012).Face and resilience in divorce: The impact on emotions, stress, and post-divorce relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 29(6), 715-735.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Facework and resilience frameworks were employed to examine threats to, and the protection of, marital partners' identity during divorce and as they relate to outcomes associated with divorce. Divorced participants (N = 103) reported on the communicative face threats and support during divorce, reporting greater positive face threat and negative facework during divorce. The non-initiator experienced negative outcomes, including negative face threat and negative emotion, but reported no differences in stress when compared to the initiator or mutual decision makers. In addition, positive face threats and facework during divorce predicted post-divorce relationships. Specifically, low positive face threat and high positive face support were related to divorcees' inclination to engage in positive interpersonal relationships after the divorce.
  • Fu, C., Leoutsakos, J. M., Underwood, C.(2013). Moderating Effects of a Postdisaster Intervention on Risk and Resilience Factors Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Chinese Children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(6), 663-670.» 摘要
    • Abstract:This study is an evaluation of a psychosocial intervention involving child and adolescent survivors of the 2008 Sichuan China earthquake. Sociodemographics, earthquake-related risk exposure, resilience using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) using the UCLA-PTSD Index were collected from 1,988 intervention participants and 2,132 controls. Mean resilience scores and the odds of PTSD did not vary between groups. The independent factors for risk and resilience and the dependent variable, PTSD, in the measurement models between control and intervention groups were equivalent. The structural model of risk and 2 resilience factors on PTSD was examined and found to be unequivalent between groups. In contrast to controls, risk exposure (B = -0.32, p < .001) in the intervention group was negatively associated with PTSD. Rational thinking (B = -0.48, p < .001), a resilience factor, was more negatively associated with PTSD in the intervention group. The second resilience factor explored, self-awareness, was positively associated with PTSD in both groups (B = 0.46 for controls, p < .001, and B = 0.69 for intervention, p < .001). Results highlight the need for more cross-cultural research in resilience theory to develop culturally appropriate interventions and evaluation measures.
  • Fullagar, S.& O'Brien, W.(2012). Immobility, Battles, and the Journey of Feeling Alive: Women's Metaphors of Self-Transformation Through Depression and Recovery. Qualitative health research, 22(8), 1063-1072.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Australian mental health services have responded to the problem of depression by adopting an early intervention and recovery orientation. Using qualitative research conducted in Australia with 80 women aged 20 to 75 years, we examine how participants invoked particular metaphors to construct meaning about the gendered experience of depression and recovery. We argue that women's stories of recovery provide a rich source of interpretive material to consider the everyday metaphors of recovery beyond clinical notions and linear models of personal change. We identified key metaphors women drew on to articulate the struggle of self-transformation through depression and recovery: the immobilizing effect of depression, recovery as a battle to control depression, and recovery as a journey of self-knowledge. Our findings might be useful for mental health professionals in a range of clinical contexts to reflect on the power of language for shaping how women interpret their experiences of recovery from depression.
  • Gale, J.& Marshall-Lucette, S.(2012). Community mental health nurses' perspectives of recovery-oriented practice. Journal of psychiatric and mental nursing. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 19(4), 348-353.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Recovery-oriented practice, an approach aligned towards the service user perspective, has dominated the mental health care arena. Numerous studies have explored service users' accounts of the purpose, meaning and importance of 'recovery'; however, far less is known about healthcare staff confidence in its application to care delivery. A self-efficacy questionnaire and content analysis of nursing course documents were used to investigate a cohort of community mental health nurses' recovery-oriented practice and to determine the extent to which the current continuing professional development curriculum met their educational needs in this regard. Twenty-three community mental health nurses completed a self-efficacy questionnaire and 28 course documents were analysed. The findings revealed high levels of nurses' confidence in their understanding and ability to apply the recovery model and low levels of confidence were found in areas of social inclusion. The content analysis found only one course document that used the whole term 'recovery model'. The findings suggest a gap in the nurses' perceived ability and confidence in recovery-oriented practice with what is taught academically. Hence, nursing education needs to be more explicitly focused on the recovery model and its application to care delivery.
  • Garikipati, S., (2008). The Impact of Lending to Women on Household Vulnerability and Women's Empowerment: Evidence from India. World Development, 36(12), 2620-2642.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Impact evaluation studies routinely find that lending to women benefits their households. However, a number of them also find that this may not empower the women concerned. This seemingly paradoxical conclusion is confirmed by our study with respect to a lending program in rural India. We investigate this result by examining a combination of loan-use data and borrower-testimonies. We find that loans procured by women are often diverted into enhancing household's assets and incomes. This combined with woman's lack of co-ownership of family's productive assets. WC conclude, results ill tier disempowerment. If empowering women is a crucial objective, then the patriarchal hold on productive assets must be challenged.
  • Gharabaghi, K.(2012). Translating evidence into practice: Supporting the school performance of young people living in residential group care in Ontario. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(6), 1130-1134.» 摘要
    • Abstract:This paper provides an overview of an on-going 'research-to-practice synthesis' project that explores the education and learning supports provided to youth in residential group care in Ontario. The project is focused on how group care programs support the education and learning of youth in the context of the residential program itself, since there is already much evidence that support for education in the everyday living environment from direct care givers strongly impacts on education and learning performance. The project synthesizes input from a range of stakeholders that include executive leadership of agencies, front line staff as well as youth. In addition, the project provides for a detailed review of policies and procedures for residential group care programs and their relevance to the promotion of education and learning. One outcome of the project is a Self Assessment Tool attached to this paper that allows group care providers to monitor their performance with respect to supporting the education of youth living in their programs. Although the project at the time of writing is not entirely completed, it is already apparent that there is a need for systematic and broad change in the purpose and design of residential group care across service sectors. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Gilligan, Robbie(2008). Promoting resilience in young people in long-term care — The relevance of roles and relationships in the domains of recreation and work.Journal of Social Work Practice, 22(1), p 37-50.» 摘譯
    • Promoting resilience in young people in long-term care — The relevance of roles and relationships in the domains of recreation and work.
    針對在娛樂和工作各層面中易受傷害的年輕人之角色和人際關係,本文試圖提昇增強復原力的潛在性。本文探討的主題聚焦於青年人在長期照護的需要，內文有四個部分：第一部分處理一些與暸解復原力相關的過程之關鍵概念;第二部分處理娛樂活動於增強復原力的潛在力;第三部分處理有關工作增強復原力的潛在力;和第四部分處理有關照顧者和專業人員的實務意涵, 讓被照顧的青少年能受益於來自娛樂和工作經驗所提供的正向肯定。本文從一系列的觀點和透過相關案例來檢視相關的研究證據。
  • Gooding P.A., Hurst A.,Johnson J.Tarrier N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 262-270.  » 摘要
    • Abstract:

    Background: The goal of the current study was to investigate psychological resilience in the older adults (>64 years) compared with that of the young ones (<26 years).

    Methods: Questionnaire measures of depression, hopelessness, general health and resilience were administered to the participants. The resilience measure comprised three sub-scales of social support, emotional regulation and problem solving.

    Results: The older adults were the more resilient group especially with respect to emotional regulation ability and problem solving. The young ones had more resilience related to social support. Poor perceptions of general health and low energy levels predicted low levels of resilience regardless of age. Low hopelessness scores also predicted greater resilience in both groups. Experiencing higher levels of mental illness and physical dysfunction predicted high resilience scores especially for the social support resilience scale in the older adults. The negative effects of depression on resilience related to emotional regulation were countered by low hopelessness but only in the young adults.

    Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of maintaining resilience-related coping skills in both young and older adults but indicate that different psychological processes underlie resilience across the lifespan.
  • Goodman, M. L., Gitari, S., Keiser, P. H., & Raimer‐Goodman, L. (2017). Economic empowerment or cash‐dependency for orphans and vulnerable children in Kenya: Evidence from an alternative to cash‐only models. International Journal of Social Welfare, 26(1), 37-48. » 摘要
    Abstract: Orphan and vulnerable children (OVC) often have worse educational, developmental, nutritional, and behavioral outcomes than non-OVC. Much of these disparities come from reduced household earnings due to the loss of parental income. The present study used conditional process analysis to evaluate income and savings among OVC households, using cross-sectional data from 1,060 OVC in a 3-year Kenyan empowerment program that combined elements of cash transfer, psychosocial support, and small business entrepreneurship. Higher monthly earnings were significantly associated with program participation in a graded fashion. Approximately one-third of the association was mediated by material inputs, indicating that a substantial portion may be explained by other unobserved program elements. Eighty-five percent of increased rates of saving money in the past year were mediated by improved monthly income, cash transferred and improved food consumption. Data analysis highlights the need for multisectoral approaches and the need for more research to understand how to improve household economic stability among OVC.
  • Goodwin, S., Young, A. (2013). Ensuring Children and Young People Have a Voice in Neighbourhood Community Development. Australian Social Work, 66 (3), 344-357.» 摘要
    Abstract: Encouraging participation and agency are fundamental elements of social work practice using a community development approach that emphasises community identification of needs and strengths, and community involvement in social change. Ensuring children have a voice is also a cornerstone of social work practice. This paper reports on a project being undertaken in two social housing neighbourhoods in Sydney that began with an exploration of community members' perceptions of community and priorities for change. Initial engagement undertaken with adults living in the two estates indicated that lack of support for children and the behaviour of young people were pressing community concerns. This prompted researchers to revisit the community development research design in order to actively seek out the perspectives of children and young people. Unsurprisingly, the children and young people provided a layer of additional and alternative knowledge about community life and a raft of suggested strategies to improve community wellbeing. We argue that the position of children and young people as community members in community development discourse and practice requires further attention. If community development is posed as an alternative to top down approaches to work in communities, then including children and young people (and other marginalised age groups) in bottom up initiatives is crucial.
  • Goossens, F. X., Onrust, S. A., Monshouwer, K., & de Castro, B. O. (2016). Effectiveness of an empowerment program for adolescent second generation migrants: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Children and Youth Services Review, 64, 128-135.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper explores young people's perspectives on the services that were provided to them by one NGO in sub-Saharan Africa. Semi-structured interviews and discussion groups were carried out with 71 young people, aged between 10 and 18 years old, who lived and worked on the street. Volunteer facilitators (n = 26) who run the groups and who had either previously lived on their street themselves or who lived in the ‘informal slum areas’ also took part in the discussions. A number of challenges and tensions became apparent from discussions including issues around capacity building, empowerment, participation and the depoliticised nature of social action.
  • Gray, J. I., Kabadaki, K. (2005). A Strengths Perspective for Assessing Olding Adults:Curriculum Enrichment in a Human Behavior Course. The Journal Baccalaureate Social Work, 55-66.» 摘譯
    • A Strengths Perspective for Assessing Olding Adults:Curriculum Enrichment in a Human Behavior Course
    文章一開始說明將焦點集中在老年人課程發展及提升的理由。在評估老年人時，老年人的易傷特質及使用優勢觀點的必要性也在文章中被討論到。而第二部分焦點則是放在二位大學講師運用優勢觀點於評估老人的實例，此為人類行為及社會環境課程的一部分。創新的課程內涵及作業安排也被討論，包括運用學習理論、概念、和優勢觀點，使學生學習生命故事技巧去評估老年人現有環境狀況。採用戲劇性的小品文章去探索及刺激學生了解老年人及其家庭所關注的議題；並邀請老年人當客座講師及專家，以強調當個體在面臨衰老過程之挑戰時的復原力和優勢。
  • Greeff, A.,Du Toit, C. (2009). Resilience in Remarried Families. American Journal of Family Therapy, 37(2), 114-126.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The present study aims to identify those resilience factors that enable remarried families to withstand and rebound from the disruptive challenges they face. A parent and a child from 38 families independently completed seven questionnaires and answered an open-ended question. The following resilience-associated factors were identified: (1) supportive family relationships, (2) affirming and supportive communication, (3) a sense of control over outcomes in life, (4) activities and routines that help the family to spend time together, (5) a strong marriage relationship, (6) support from family and friends, (7) redefining stressful events and acquiring social support, and (8) spirituality and religion within the family.
  • Greeff, A.P., Wentworth, A. (2009). Resilience in Families that have Experienced Heart-Related Trauma. Current Psychology, 28(4), 302-314.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify resilience qualities in families in the wake of heart-related trauma of one of their members. The theoretical framework of this study was the Resiliency Model of Family Stress, Adjustment and Adaptation, which represents a paradigmatic shift from a pathological to a strength-based view of a family. Self-report questionnaires and an open-ended question were used to collect data from 22 family members who experienced the heart-related trauma. The results indicate that family time and routines, parent-child togetherness, family chores and affirming communication are key qualities for mediating family adaptation, while inflammatory communication was found to be negatively associated with family adaptation. Other relevant qualities were social support, family hardiness and a coping style where problem situations are reformulated. The identification of these qualities can serve as the focus for intervention and prevention, enhancing the quality of life for families with a cardiovascular patient.
  • Greenbaum, C. A., & Javdani, S. (2017). Expressive writing intervention promotes resilience among juvenile justice-involved youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 73, 220-229.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Youth involved in child welfare and juvenile justice systems suffer from alarmingly high rates of mental health challenges. In particular, exposure to trauma (e.g., maltreatment) is one critical experience that amplifies their risk for delinquency and recidivism. Despite a profound need to address these youth's mental health needs, there is a paucity of trauma-informed and youth-centered treatments that are clinically feasible in under-resourced residential settings (e.g., juvenile detention facilities). In response to this gap, our research team collaborated with the juvenile justice subsection of a large American city's child welfare system with the goal of creating an intervention tailored to the needs of underserved system-involved youth. The resultant program, WRITE ON (Writing and Reflecting on Identity To Empower Ourselves as Narrators), leverages research on the therapeutic benefits of expressive writing to implement a brief, cost-effective intervention in youth residential settings. This paper describes intervention development and presents findings from the pilot study, which comprised a multisite experimental evaluation of youth (N = 53) residing in short-term detention facilities. This pilot study aimed to: 1) assess intervention implementation fidelity, including participant satisfaction, and 2) evaluate the mental health outcomes of youth receiving WRITE ON as compared to those in a comparison support group (CSG). Results indicated that the intervention was delivered with good fidelity, participants reported high levels of satisfaction, and WRITE ON participants exhibited significant (p < 0.01) gains in resilience compared to their counterparts in the CSG. Collectively, results suggest that a larger clinical trial investigating the effectiveness of WRITE ON with system-involved youth is warranted.
  • Greubel, J., Kecklund, G. (2011).The Impact of Organizational Changes on Work Stress, Sleep, Recovery and Health. Industrial Health, 49(3), 353-364.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The study objective was to investigate the impact of different kinds of organizational changes, as well as anticipation of such changes, on work-related stress, sleep, recovery and health. It was hypothesized that impaired sleep and recovery increase the adverse health consequences of organizational changes. The data consisted of cross sectional questionnaire data from a random sample of 1,523 employees in the Swedish police force. It could be shown that extensive organizational changes including downsizing or a change in job tasks were associated with a small increase in work stress, disturbed sleep, incomplete  recoveryand health complaints. However, less extensive organizational changes like relocation did not affect these outcome variables. Anticipation of extensive organizational changes had almost the same effect as actual changes. Furthermore a moderating effect of sleep and work stress on gastrointestinal complaints and depressive symptoms was found. Thus, like former studies already suggested, extensive organizational changes resulted in increased stress levels, poorer health and impaired sleep and recovery. Furthermore, organizational instability due to anticipation of changes was as negative as actual changes. There was also some evidence that disturbed sleep increased these adverse health effects, in particular with respect to anticipation of organizational changes.
  • Gulati, S. ,Paterson , M., Medves, J., Luce-Kapler, R. (2011). Adolescent Group Empowerment: Group-Centred Occupations to Empower Adolescents with Disabilities in the Urban Slums of North India. Occupational Therapy International, 18(2), 67-84. » 摘要
    • Abstract: This study aimed to understand how adolescents with disabilities can assume greater control over their rehabilitation and participation within a community-based rehabilitation programme in the urban slums of North India. A critical ethnographical approach using multiple qualitative and participatory data collection methods was adopted. Fieldwork was conducted from January to May 2005 and October 2006 to March 2007 with 21 adolescents with and 11 adolescents without disabilities (aged 12 to 18 years), and 10 community-based rehabilitation staff members. A conceptual framework called the 'Adolescent Group EmpowermentPyramid' was developed. Four themes informed the framework: group participation, group demonstration, group recognition and the socio-cultural environment's interaction with disability. Group empowerment, achieved through group-centred occupations, encourages adolescents to work together to address their rehabilitation challenges and agendas. Three external support factors and 10 areas for nurturing the group empowerment process also emerged. A limitation of this study is the lack of data on how the familial and local political and economic environment impact adolescents' ability to make decisions about their rehabilitation. Further research might explore group occupations and occupational recognition, and what this means for social change and the personal and collective growth of adolescents in under-serviced communities.
  • Gullan, R.L., Power, T.J., Leff, S.S. (2013). The Role of Empowerment in a School-Based Community Service Program with Inner-City, Minority Youth. Journal of Adolescent Research, 28(6), 664-689. » 摘要
    • Abstract: Despite considerable fiscal and structural support for youth service programs, research has not demonstrated consistent outcomes across participants or programs, suggesting the need to identify critical program processes. The present study addresses this need through preliminary examination of the role of program empowerment in promoting positive identity development in inner-city, African American youth participating in a pilot school-based service program. Results suggest that participants who experienced the program as empowering experienced increases in self-efficacy, sense of civic responsibility, and ethnic identity, over and above general engagement and enjoyment of the program. Preliminary exploration of differences based on participant gender suggests that some results may be stronger and more consistent for males than females. These findings provide preliminary support for the importance of theoretically grounded program processes in producing positive outcomes for youth service participants.
  • Gustafsson, E., Holm, M., Flensner, G.(2012). Rehabilitation between institutional and non-institutional forensic psychiatric care: important influences on the transition process. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing, 19(8), 729-737.» 摘要
    • Abstract:

    Accessible summary All patients cared for in Forensic Psychiatric Care (FPC) have some kind of psychiatric disorder and most of them have committed one or more criminal acts. In addition, several of the patients have alcohol and drug problems. During the stay in institutional FPC, one part of the rehabilitation program is to prepare the patient for non-institutional FPC. However, several patients fail with the rehabilitation. This study focuses important aspects that influence the patients' ability to manage their rehabilitation through admission to non-institutional FPC, viewed from different caregivers' perspective. The transition is influenced by a well-planned care plan, together with a suitable non-institutional dwelling and a tailored occupation. A major barrier for successful admission was whether the patients managed their own finances or not. Other important areas were having a well-functioning and trusting social network and a good relationship with a contact person. Abstract All patients cared for in forensic psychiatric care (FPC) have some kind of psychiatric disorder and most of them have committed one or more criminal acts. One part of the patient's rehabilitation is the transition from institutional to non-institutional FPC, but a number of patients do not succeed. The aim of this study was to elucidate different caregivers' experiences of aspects that influence the patients' ability to manage this rehabilitation. A qualitative approach was chosen. Data were collected by interviews in two focus groups, each group comprising of six caregivers representing both institutional and non-institutional FPC. The transcribed interviews were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. Important aspects influencing the patients' transition described were a well-planned care plan, together with a suitable non-institutional dwelling and a tailored occupation. Other important areas were having a well-functioning and trusting social network and a good relationship with a contact person/advocate. A major barrier to a successful transition was whether the patients managed their own finances or not. It was stated that it is important that the patients participate in the care and that different authorities create individual conditions and flexible solutions. All of these factors are important to focus on when caring for patients during their stay in the institutional FPC.

  • Haggstrom, E., Engstrom, M., Barbro, B.W. (2009). A nine-month intervention programme focusing on empowerment; caregivers' descriptions of changed behaviour and increased room for acting. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(6), 866-873.» 摘要
    • Abstract: To describe public nursing home Enrolled Nurses' and Nurses Aides' view of their work and their perceptions of themselves in their professional role while they were receiving a serious of role awareness sessions focusing on empowerment for nine months.
    According to several studies, it is typical that women may experience problems and injustices at work. The main focus of the intervention was to help enrolled nurses' and nurses aides' in developing their self-image and professional role.
    This study was descriptive and qualitative in design.
    The present study comprises semi-structured interviews conducted with enrolled nurses and nurses aides (n = 14) from public nursing homes at start of the intervention and again nine months following the intervention. The text from the interviews was analysed using latent content analysis.
    The main findings primarily show an improved professional role for the caregivers, as described in the following themes: the move from passivity to activity, the move from complaining to understanding, the move from expectations to frustration and the move from being silent to speaking loud.
    For caregivers working with older people within public nursing home care, it seems to be a good form of clinical supervision to implement a serious of role awareness sessions in order to improve their professional role.
    The findings showed that an intervention providing opportunities with focus on empowerment improved the enrolled nurses' and nurses aides' professional role in working with older people. This can be useful information for managers and educators and they may want to adapt it when working in a public nursing home.
  • Hameen-Anttila, K., Luhtanen, S., Airaksinen, M., Pohjanoksa-Mantyla, M. (201).Developing a national medicines information strategy in Finland-A stakeholders' perspective on the strengths, challenges and opportunities in medicines information. Health Policy  , 111(2), 200-205.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Purpose and setting: The Finnish Medicines Agency was mandated to develop a national medicines information strategy. The objectives of this study were to assess stakeholders' views on strengths, challenges and opportunities in medicines information for the basis of the strategy. Methods: Interviews among stakeholder representatives (n = 28) from patient organizations, universities, pharmacies, and professional associations in medicine, pharmacy and nursing were conducted in 2011. Interview memos were thematically content-analysed. The draft strategy was finalized through two public hearings and a public consultation.Results: Stakeholders highlighted the need to increase cooperation and coordination in medicines information. The existence of numerous quality- and evidence-based medicines information sources was identified as a strength; although the stakeholders were concerned about the fragmented and unequal access to them. The strengthening of the role of health care professionals in communicating about medicines was seen as an opportunity, but its realization requires improvements in basic and continuing education. Furthermore, the stakeholders emphasized the importance of uniform medicines information regardless of source. Conclusions: Stakeholders identified multiple strengths, challenges and opportunities in medicines information that were fundamental to developing the national medicines information strategy. An inventory of stakeholder perspectives can be recommended as a tool to support decision-making in pharmaceutical policy.
  • Hames L. J. & Joiner E. T. (2012).Resiliency Factors may Differ as a Function of Self-esteem Level: Testing the Efficacy of Two Types of Positive Self-statements Following a Laboratory Stressor. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology  , 31(6), 641-662.» 摘要
    • Abstract:The self-help literature promotes the use of positive self-statements (e. g., I'm a lovable person) to boost self-esteem and mood; however, research provides evidence that positive self-statements may be harmful to people with low self-esteem. Prior research has only tested the efficacy of one type of positive self-statement (stable/global), but research on attitude change and self-verification motives suggests that people with low self-esteem may benefit more from using unstable/specific positive self-statements. To test the effect of each type of positive self-statement on self-esteem and mood, a quasi-experiment was conducted in which participants with high and low self-esteem were randomly assigned to either write about a stable/global positive self-statement, unstable specific positive self-statement, or their favorite activity following a laboratory stressor. Results provided evidence that participants with low self-esteem experienced the largest decrease in negative affect if they were assigned to write about their favorite activity, whereas participants with high self-esteem experienced the largest increase in state self-esteem and disguised mood if they were assigned to write about a stable/global positive self-statement following a stressor. These results suggest that factors that confer resilience to individuals with low self-esteem may differ from the factors that confer resilience to individuals with high self-esteem.
  • Harms, L. (2004). After the accident:Survivors' perceptions of recovery following road trauma.Australian Social WorK, 57 (2), 161-174.» 摘譯
    • After the accident: Survivors' perceptions of recovery following road trauma
    在澳洲車禍每年傷害了近千條生命。文章呈現了歷經車禍創傷後成為倖存者的三年研究結果。研究焦點著重在檢視車禍創傷倖存者，在維多利亞復健中心忍受嚴重的外貌傷害整治之後，如何看待自己的復元經驗。79個參與者完成了自填調查，其中有24位參與了深度的電話訪談。運用生態觀點，研究焦點集中在復元的社會心理及主觀因子。復元的質化資料被呈現─即對於創傷、復元、復元資源及未來因應的觀念分析。四個復元的主題為─尋找一個新的契合、受難的隱私性、預期因應及倖存者的尊嚴。這些主題強調復元的複雜性。
  • Hash, K.M., Rogers, A.(2013).Clinical Practice with Older LGBT Clients: Overcoming Lifelong Stigma Through Strength and Resilience. Clinical Social Work Journal  , 41(3), 249-257.» 摘要
    • Abstract:This article provides an overview of the unique challenges and strengths of the older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) population and the theories and evidence-based interventions that can be used to work with them in a clinical setting. Two case studies will be used to highlight potential issues in clinical social work and provide guidance for intervention with LGBT older adults. The article concludes with a summary and implications for clinical social work practice.
  • Hayter, M.R., Dorstyn, D.S.(2014). Resilience, self-esteem and self-compassion in adults with spina bifida. Spinal Cord  , 52(2), 167-171.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Study design: Cross-sectional survey. Objectives: To examine factors that may enhance and promote resilience in adults with spina bifida. Setting: Community-based disability organisations within Australia. Methods: Ninety-seven adults with a diagnosis of spina bifida (SB) completed a survey comprising of demographic questions in addition to standardised self-report measures of physical functioning (Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, 10 item), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale), self-compassion (Self-compassion Scale) and psychological distress (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21 item). Results: The majority (66%) of respondents reported moderate to high resilience. Physical disability impacted on coping, with greater CD-RISC 10 scores reported by individuals who were functionally independent in addition to those who experienced less medical co-morbidities. Significant correlations between resilience and psychological traits (self-esteem r=0.36, P<0.01; self-compassion r=0.40, P<0.01) were also noted. However, the combined contribution of these variables only accounted for 23% of the total variance in resilience scores (R-2=0.227, F(5,94)=5.23, P<0.01). Conclusion: These findings extend current understanding of the concept of resilience in adults with a congenital physical disability. The suggestion is that resilience involves a complex interplay between physical determinants of health and psychological characteristics, such as self-esteem and self-compassion. It follows that cognitive behavioural strategies with a focus on self-management may, in part, contribute to the process of resilience in this group. Further large-scale and longitudinal research will help to confirm these findings.
  • Herbert, R.J., Gagnon, A.J., O'Loughlin, J.L.,, Rennick, J.E. (2011). Testing an Empowerment Intervention to Help Parents Make Homes Smoke-free: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Community Health, 36(4), 650-657.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to test if parents' participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreased the number of cigarettes smoked in homes. Sixty families were randomized to the intervention (n = 30) or control (n = 30) group. The intervention included three weekly group sessions followed by three weekly follow-up telephone calls over six consecutive weeks. During group sessions, parents shared experiences about environmental tobacco smoke, identified personal strengths and resources, and developed action plans. Data were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and 6 months follow-up. Ninety-three percent of the sample consisted of mothers, 77% of whom smoked during pregnancy. Forty-two percent of the total sample reported a household income of <$15,000. The median number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily decreased from 18 to 4 in the total sample however no statistically significant difference was detected between groups at 6 months follow-up. Participation in the study, independent of group, may have resulted in parents decreasing the number of cigarettes smoked in the home. Valuable lessons were learned about recruiting and working with this group of parents, all of whom faced the challenges of tobacco and almost half of whom lived in poverty.
  • Howieson J., Priddis L. (2011). Building Resilience for Separating Parents Through Mentalizing and Constructive Lawyering Techniques . Psychiatry Psychology And Law, 18(2), 202-211.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Recent research suggests that by using mentalizing and constructive lawyering strategies, lawyers working with families in separation can help parents buildresilience for themselves and their children (including babies), and can help parents think and reflect about, rather than react to, the situation that is developing around them. Mentalizing, understanding one's own and the other's intentional mental states, is a key to resilience, or the ability to adapt successfully to adversity, challenges and stress, such as family separation. Constructive lawyering is a balance of adversarial and interest-based lawyering techniques that promote the client's perceptions of fairness and satisfaction with the dispute resolution process, and creates space for the parents to mentalize and to hear the voices of their children and babies. By understanding the importance of mentalizing and constructive lawyering, and by putting theory into practice, family lawyers can help their clients to resolve their disputes amicably, and to negotiate safe and sustainable relationships after separation.
  • Huang, JT. (2012). Be Proactive as Empowered? The Role of Trust in One's Supervisor in Psychological Empowerment, Feedback Seeking, and Job Performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42, E103-E127.» 摘要
    • Abstract: This study explores whether psychological empowerment links to employees feedback-seeking behavior, as well as the subsequent consequences of feedback-seeking behavior (i.e., job performance) by showing that trust in one's immediate supervisor plays a key role. Data were collected from full-time employees enrolled in the On-the-Job Masters programs of 13 universities in Taiwan. Structural equation modeling was used to test the research hypotheses. The results of this study provide support for a process model that links psychological empowerment, trust in one's immediate supervisor, feedback-seeking behavior, and job performance. Specifically, psychological empowerment is positively associated with feedback-seeking behavior via trust in one's immediate supervisor. Moreover, feedback-seeking behavior mediates the relationships between trust in one's immediate supervisor and job performance.
  • Huang, X., Iun, J., Liu, A.L., Gong, Y.P. (2010). Does participative leadership enhance work performance by inducing empowerment or trust? The differential effects on managerial and non-managerial subordinates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31 (1), 122-143.» 摘要
    • Abstract:We examined whether participative leadership behavior is associated with improved work performance through a motivational process or an exchange-based process. Based on data collected from 527 employees from a Fortune 500 company, we found that the link between superiors' participative leadership behaviors and subordinates' task performance and organizational citizenship behavior toward organizations (OCBO) was mediated by psychological empowerment (motivational mediator) for managerial subordinates. Yet, for non-managerial subordinates such as supporting and front-line employees, the impact of participative leadership on task performance and OCBO was mediated by trust-in-supervisor (exchange-based mediator). Implications for theories and practices are discussed.
  • Hudson R. (2011). Resilient regions in an uncertain world: wishful thinking or a practical reality? Cambridge Journal of Regions Economy And Society, 3(1), 11-25.» 摘要
    • Abstract: What might a resilient region look like in the face of an uncertainty about the global economy and environment? To begin to answer this question, the article first reviews existing concepts of resilience and critically reviews dominant neoliberal concepts of regional development. This forms the basis for seeking to specify the characteristics of resilient regions, arguing that these must have a lighter environmental footprint and involve a greater degree of regional closure in and regionalisation of economic activities. The final concluding section evaluates the limits to regional resilience in the face of global change.
  • Hunter, BA., Jason, LA., Keys, CB.(2013). Factors of Empowerment for Women in Recovery from Substance Use.American Journal of Community Psychology, 51(1-2), 91-102.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Empowerment is an interdisciplinary construct heavily grounded in the theories of community psychology. Although empowerment has a strong theoretical foundation, few context-specific quantitative measures have been designed to evaluate empowerment for specific populations. The present study explored the factor structure of a modified empowerment scale with a cross-sectional sample of 296 women in recovery from substance use who lived in recovery homes located throughout the United States. Results from an exploratory factor analysis identified three factors of psychological empowerment which were closely related to previous conceptualizations of psychological empowerment: self-perception, resource knowledge and participation. Further analyses demonstrated a hierarchical relationship among the three factors, with resource knowledge predicting participation when controlling for self-perception. Finally, a correlational analysis demonstrated the initial construct validity of each factor, as each factor of empowerment was significantly and positively related to self-esteem. Implications for the application of psychological empowerment theory and research are discussed.
  • Iwasaki, Y., Mactavish, J. & Mackay, K. (2005). Building on strengths and resilience:leisure as a stress survival strategy. British Journal of Guidance & Counsellng, 33 (1), 81-100.»摘譯
    • Building on strengths and resilience:leisure as a stress survival strategy
    休閒對管理、釋放或調和壓力研究近幾年愈發興盛。本文研究是針對加加拿大西部城市不同住民的貫時研究，特別著重休閒在壓力因應過程中的角色。參與這個研究的對象包括：(1)有糖尿病的原住民,(2)身心障礙者,(3)老年關節炎患者,(4)男同志及女同志,(5)專業經理人。研究以質化方式進行，資料透過焦點團體收集，並以現象學方式分析。研究發現休閒是一種舒緩壓力的策略。這樣的策略包含兩個元素：一種正向的轉換或是暫時離開壓力情境/想法、和重獲活力和更新。休閒也提供了促進生活平衡的機會，而藉著創造休閒空間成為個人更新(生理心理及情緒上)的綠洲，並增進復原力及正向因應壓力的能力。文章也討論此研究發現對指導及諮商領域之意涵。
  • Jackson, L.J., White, C.R., O'Brien, K., DiLorenzo, P., Cathcart, E., Wolf, M., Bruskas, D., Pecora, P.J., Nix-Early, V., Cabrera, J. (2010). Exploring spirituality among youth in foster care: findings from the Casey Field Office Mental Health Study. Child & Family Social Work, 15 (1), 107-117.» 摘要
    • Abstract: This study examined spiritual coping mechanisms, beliefs about spirituality and participation in spiritual activities and in other positive activities among adolescents in foster care. A multidimensional measure of spirituality was developed for face-to-face interviews with 188 youth (ages 14-17) from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds in the United States. Findings revealed 95% of youth believe in God, over 70% believe God is 'creator' and God is 'love', and 79% considered prayer a spiritual practice. Most youth said love and forgiveness help them heal. Two-thirds (67%) reported responding to 'bad or tragic things happening' by spending time alone, and over half responded by praying (59%) or sharing the problem with someone else (56%). Youth's top three spiritual goals were to follow God's plan for them, become a better person, and know their purpose in life. Based on the value youth ascribed to spiritual coping mechanisms, recommendations for policy and practice focus on the integration of spirituality into practice and caregiving for youth in foster care.
  • Jang, H. & Choi, S.(2012).Increasing ego-resilience using clay with low SES (Social Economic Status) adolescents in group art therapy. Arts in Psychotherapy, 39(4), 245-250.» 摘要
    • Abstract:

    This study examined how clay-based group art therapy, including pottery-making, might produce effects on the ego-resilience of low SES (Social Economic Status) adolescents. The participants in this study were 16 adolescents in an educational welfare program in a city middle school in Gyeonggi Province. The participants were divided into two groups of 8 - the experimental group and the control group - and received a total of 18 sessions of the therapy program, once a week, for 80 min in each session.

    The participants' ego-resilience was measured before the first session after the last session, and in a follow-up test one month after the end of the program. Means and standard deviations from the tests were compared, and repeated measures analysis of the variance and simple main effects were computed using SPSS 18.0.

    It was found that clay-based group art therapy produced positive effects on the ego-resilience of low SES adolescents. These findings are attributed to the participants' successful experience of seeing clay becoming complete pottery through kiln firing and feeling the suppleness and plasticity of clay. The significance of this study lies in the finding that clay-based group art therapy produces positive effects on the adolescents' ego-resilience, a personal trait that helps with mental and emotional adaptation in a changing and conflicting environment. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
  • Jeste, DV., Savla, GN., Thompson, WK., Vahia, IV., Glorioso, DK., Martin, AS., Palmer, BW., Rock, D., Golshan, S., Kraemer, HC., Depp, CA. (2012). Association Between Older Age and More Successful Aging: Critical Role of Resilience and Depression. American Journal Of Psychiatry, 10(2), 188-196.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Objective: There is growing public health interest in understanding and promoting successful aging. While there has been some exciting empirical work on objective measures of physical health, relatively little published research combines physical, cognitive, and psychological assessments in large, randomly selected, community-based samples to assess self-rated successful aging. Method: In the Successful AGing Evaluation (SAGE) study, the authors used a structured multicohort design to assess successful aging in 1,006 community-dwelling adults in San Diego County, ages 50-99 years, with oversampling of people over 80. A modified version of random-digit dialing was used to recruit subjects. Evaluations included a 25-minute telephone interview followed by a comprehensive mail-in survey of physical, cognitive, and psychological domains, including positive psychological traits and self-rated successful aging, scaled from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). Results: The mean age of the respondents was 77.3 years. Their mean self-rating of successful aging was 8.2, and older age was associated with a higher rating, despite worsening physical and cognitive functioning. The best multiple regression model achieved, using all the potential correlates, accounted for 30% of the variance in the score for self-rated successful aging and included resilience, depression, physical functioning, and age (entering the regression model in that order). Conclusions: Resilience and depression had significant associations with self-rated successful aging, with effects comparable in size to that for physical health. While no causality can be inferred from cross-sectional data, increasing resilience and reducing depression might have effects on successful aging as strong as that of reducing physical disability, suggesting an important role for psychiatry in promoting successful aging.
  • Jill, G., Mel, G. (2005). Teaching social work students about social policy.Australian Social Work, 58(1), p58-75.»摘譯
    • Teaching social work students about social policy.
    此篇文章描述在一個獨特的以經驗為基礎的社會工作教育方案當中，以整合性取向去教導社會政策。此篇文章主張社會政策的教育不應該從社會工作課程當中區分出來，並且應在教育學生當中提供一個有關兒童保護的政策與實務整合性案例。此文章調查政策實務的教育是使用優勢觀點取向的，這看起來像是由下而上的引導性過程，而不是由專家學者來專斷執行，此是有個案團體的參與的。
  • Jing,W.（2009）. A Study of Resiliency Characteristics in the Adjustment of International Graduate Students at American Universities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 13（1）, 22-45» 摘譯
    • A Study of Resiliency Characteristics in the Adjustment of International Graduate Students at American Universities
    本研究將復原力的概念引入到美國大學國際研究生適應的研究中。本研究的目的為探索復原力特徵、背景變項和適應問題範圍間的關係，以及評估復原力和背景變項對於適應的影響。使用組織發展資源的個人復原力問卷（The Organizational Development Resources' Personal Resilience Questionnaire）和密西根國際學生問題量表（Michigan International Student Problem Inventory），獲得207份有效問卷。統計分析顯示復原力特徵與背景變項有中度的相關，與適應問題範圍有高度負相關，與適應問題範圍比背景變項有更好的相關，復原力在適應有最大的影響。
  • Jones R.N., Preston, B.L. (2011). Adaptation and risk management. Wiley Interdisciplinary Review –Climate Change, 2(2), 296-308.» 摘要
    • Abstract:  Adaptation assessment methods are compatible with the international risk management standard ISO :31000. Risk management approaches are increasingly being recommended for adaptation assessments at both national and local levels. Two orientations to assessments can commonly be identified: top-down and bottom-up, and prescriptive and diagnostic. Combinations of these orientations favor different types of assessments. The choice of orientation can be related to uncertainties in prediction and taking action, in the type of adaptation and in the degree of system stress. Adopting multiple viewpoints is to be encouraged, especially in complex situations. The bulk of current guidance material is consistent with top-down and predictive approaches, thus is most suitable for risk scoping and identification. Abroad range of material from within and beyond the climate change literature can be used to select methods to be used in assessing and implementing adaptation. The framing of risk, correct formulation of the questions being investigated and assessment methodology are critical aspects of the scoping phase. Only when these issues have been addressed should be issue of specific methods and tools be addressed. The reorientation of adaptation from an assessment focused solely on anthropogenic climate change to broader issues of vulnerability/resilience, sustainable development and disaster risk, especially through a risk management framework, can draw from existing policy and management understanding in communities, professions and agencies, incorporating existing agendas, knowledge, risks, and issues they already face.
  • Jones, P.S., Winslow, B.W., Lee, J.W., Burns, M., Zhang, X.E.(2011). Development of a Caregiver Empowerment Model to Promote Positive Outcomes. Journal of Family Nursing. 17(1),11-28» 摘要
    • Abstract:Family members caring for aging parents experience both negative and positive outcomes from providing care. Theoretical explanations for negative outcomes have been developed. There is need for models that explain and predict positive outcomes. This article describes the evolution of the Caregiver Empowerment Model (CEM) to explain and predict positive outcomes of family caregiving. Although empirical findings support positive outcomes of family caregiving, less attention has been given to theoretical rationale for positive effects. The CEM predicts that, in the presence of filial values and certain background variables, caregiving demands are appraised as challenges instead of stressors. Appraising caregiving demands as a challenge, finding meaning, and using certain types of coping strategies are posited to be associated with growth and well-being. The CEM extends our understanding of the complexity of the caregiving experience, and can serve as a framework to guide in developing and testing theory-based interventions to promote positive outcomes.
  • Joslin, D.(2009). Custodial Grandparent Empowerment: Models of Practice. Families in Society-The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 90(2), 196-204. » 摘要
    • Abstract: Numbering more than 2.4 million, custodial grandparents in the United States are 60% more likely to be poor than are noncustodial grandparents. Social inequities that accompany marginal income compound child-rearing challenges faced by kinship families. Empowerment is proposed as a framework to inform research, program development, and advocacy on behalf of custodial grandparents to promote collective and self-efficacy in problem solving, mediate negative health effects of stress, and participate in collective action and advocacy. Empowerment components at the individual, organizational, and community levels are outlined. Four empowerment practice models with custodial grandparents are reviewed, including a case study. Implications for professionals in human services are discussed.
  • Julca, A. (2011). Multidimensional Re-creation of Vulnerabilities and Potential for Resilience in International Migration. International Migration, 49, e30-e49.» 摘要
    • Abstract: International labour migration is a multidimensional process and primarily a family mechanism intended to reduce vulnerabilities associated with underlying inequalities. However, for immigrants, the break-up of physical contact with family members is an enduring feature of vulnerability in their communication with origins (often in developing countries). On the whole, family relationships are transformed: the absence of physical contact is traded-off with remittances sent home to family members. Remittances create potential for resilience by increasing human development of children, while reducing extreme poverty at the local level. Remittance flows are also an important source of foreign exchange for countries of origin. However, labour markets' polarization, backlash, and economic downturns at destinations (often in developed countries), and governments' moral hazard, currency revaluation, and production inertia at origins recreate vulnerabilities and disrupt the potential build-up of resilience. In fact, the re-creation of vulnerabilities largely outweighs the generation of resilience threads. The paper develops a typology that highlights the dynamic interaction between vulnerabilities and resilience, revealing the multiple aspects of people and remittances flows, the potential for mainstreaming migration policies into economic development, and the scale of the policy task to reduce vulnerabilities associated to international labour migration.
  • Karkkainen, R., Raty, H., Kasanen, K. (2009). Parents' perceptions of their child's resilience and competencies. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 24(3), 405-419.» 摘要
    • Abstract: This study examined parental views of their child's educability through the parents' perceptions of their child's resilience. The purposes of the study were: (1) to examine psychometric properties of the rating scale created to measure parental views of their child's educational and psychological resilience, (2) to explore whether the parents' views of the child's resilience were related to their notions of the child's competencies and (3) to examine how parents' perceptions of their child's resilience were related to the parent's social position and the child's gender. Data were collected by questionnaire from the parents of fifth-grade children (N=391). The parental rating scale consisted of three dimensions of resilience, all with satisfactory reliability. Parents' views of their child's resilience were related to their perceptions of child's abilities and school success, suggesting that the parental rating scale had concurrent validity. The results also indicated that parents' views of their child's resilience were related to their gender and education and to the child's gender. Furthermore, parents' views of their child's educational resilience, based on parents' trust in their child's internal capacities, were related to the parental definition of their child's cognitive-verbal competencies, in particular.
  • Kerrigan, DL; Fonner, VA; Kennedy, CE.(2013). Community Empowerment Among Female Sex Workers is an Effective HIV Prevention Intervention: A Systematic Review of the Peer-Reviewed Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. AIDS AND BEHAVIOR, 17(6), 1926-1940.» 摘要
    • Abstract:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of community empowerment interventions for HIV prevention among sex workers in low- and middle-income countries from 1990-2010. Two coders abstracted data using standardized forms. Of 6,664 citations screened, ten studies met inclusion criteria. For HIV infection, two observational studies showed a significantly protective combined effect [odds ratio (OR): 0.84, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 0.709-0.988]. For STI infection, one longitudinal study showed reduced gonorrhoea/chlamydia (OR: 0.51, 95 % CI: 0.26-0.99). Observational studies showed reduced gonorrhoea (OR: 0.65, 95 % CI: 0.47-0.90), but non-significant effects on chlamydia and syphilis. For condom use, one randomized controlled trial showed improvements with clients (: 0.3447, p = 0.002). One longitudinal study showed improvements with regular clients (OR: 1.9, 95 % CI: 1.1-3.3), but no change with new clients. Observational studies showed improvements with new clients (OR: 3.04, 95 % CI: 1.29-7.17), regular clients (OR: 2.20, 95 % CI: 1.41-3.42), and all clients (OR: 5.87, 95 % CI: 2.88-11.94), but not regular non-paying partners. Overall, community empowerment-based HIV prevention was associated with significant improvements across HIV outcomes and settings.
  • Kiehl E.M. (2011). Stress, Coping, Adaptation, and Resilience in Swedish and American Families Jognn. Journal of Obstetric Gynecologic and Neonatal Nursing, 40(1), S85-S85.
  • Kim, Sang-Man& Oh, Jae-Young(2012). Employee emotional response toward healthcare organization's service recovery efforts and its influences on service recovery performance. Service business, 6(3), 297-321.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Previous studies on service recovery performance of frontline employees have focused primarily on the direct relationship with the organizational efforts for service recovery. However, based on the reformulation of attitude theory (appraisal-emotional response-behaviour), we believe that the emotional responses (work engagement and burnout) toward organizational efforts for service recovery of frontline employees mediate the relationship. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how healthcare frontline employees show their emotional response toward the organizational efforts for service recovery and it influence on actual recovery performance. This study uses two conflicting emotional responses, burnout and work engagement, to examine how employees react toward organizational efforts, helping better understand employees' evaluations of the efforts. Research model and hypothesis were tested using a sample of frontline employees who perform none-clinical activities in hospitals. The results showed that teamwork and empowerment have positive effects on work engagement. In addition, customer complaint management, empowerment, and teamwork influenced negatively on burnout. Lastly, work engagement and burnout showed statistically significant impact of service recovery performance of frontline employees. Among the organizational efforts for service recovery, teamwork was the most important factor in improving frontline employees' work engagement and lessened their burnout, respectively. Interestingly, customer service training had a negative effect on burnout. Besides, by comparing our research model to two alternative models, we confirmed the validity of the research model.
  • Klein, W. C., Bloom, M. (1995). Practice Wisdom. Social Work, 40 (6), 799-807.» 摘譯
    • Twelve-Step Recovery And Community Service
    12階段訓練團體被視為可能抑制人們的社區參與。本文以質化方式訪談了參加12階段團體同時也參與社區的33位復元者，，以了解他們的社區參與是如何受到12階段訓練團體的影響。文章描述了參與者的社區活動，以及他們認為此參與和其復元過程之關係。參與者指出團體教導他們技巧、給予機會練習與別人共事、激勵他們奉獻以及使他們直接提供社區服務。本文也作了實務運用的討論。
  • Klika, JB., Herrenkohl, TI.(2013). A Review of Developmental Research on Resilience in Maltreated Children. Trauma Violence & Abuse, 14(3), 222-234.» 摘要
    • Abstract:Research demonstrates that child maltreatment can negatively impact the psychosocial functioning of individuals well beyond the point at which the trauma occurs. Fortunately, there is evidence that many children who are maltreated succeed in overcoming some of the possible consequences that can follow exposure to this particular form of adversity. Those who do are thought to be resilient. What it means to be resilient is an issue that researchers sometimes disagree on, as is reflected by the different definitions they apply to the term and the methods they use to study the phenomenon. In this literature review, we synthesize current findings on resilience and identify areas of congruence, as well as inconsistency in research methods across the reviewed studies. We focus the review exclusively on longitudinal studies to understand the dynamic qualities of resilience. Findings of the review suggest that, while studies appear to conceptualize and measure common domains of resilience (e.g., social, emotional, behavioral functioning), the measures themselves are in some cases notably different, limiting the extent to which results can be systemically compared across studies. The review also shows that few studies, although longitudinal by design, examine resilience over extended periods of development. Consequently, little has actually been learned about how patterns of resilience unfold and are sustained. Of those studies that do examine resilience as a developmental process, the rate of stability in resilience across time is notably low. Implications for future research are discussed.
  • Klockmo, C., Marnetoft, SU., Nordenmark, M.& Dalin, R. (2012). Knowledge and attitude regarding recovery among mental health practitioners in Sweden. International journal of rehabilitation research, 35(1), 62-68.» 摘要
    • Abstract:

    The aim was to investigate the knowledge and the attitude regarding recovery among practitioners working in the Swedish mental health system, Personligt Ombud (PO), Supported Housing Team (SHT) and Psychiatric Out Patient Service (POPS), to determine whether and how knowledge and attitude regarding recovery differ between the three services. A web-based questionnaire based on the Recovery Knowledge Inventory was sent to the participants. Participant selection ensured that different parts of Sweden were represented. A multiple linear regression was used to examine the result under control of Sex, Age, Educational Level, Further Education, Relevant Work Experience and Training in Recovery. The result of the regression showed that POs had higher scores than both SHT and POPS on the subscales, even under control of other variables. The SHT differed significantly from POs on two of the subscales and POPS differed significantly from POs on all subscales. Personnel with university education, more work experience or specific training in recovery also had a higher mean score. Swedish practitioners need to learn more about certain aspects of the recovery process. The differences between the services may possibly be due to the services' organization, assignment and role. Other important aspects were the level of education and having specific training in recovery; the combination of these elements could facilitate the development of a recovery-oriented mental health system.International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 35: 62-68 (C) 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

  • Koenig, T. & Spano, R. (2006). Professional Hope in WorkingWith Order Adults. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 33(3), 25-44.» 摘譯
    • Professional Hope in WorkingWith Order Adults
    老人學文獻中假設社會工作者具備希望且已用於實務上。本文目的挑戰這樣的假設及檢驗社會工作者可以維持希望，在他們個人生活中、在機構中，以及對老年人造成影響的社會結構改革中。作者檢視了在護理之家的文化改變脈絡下，可全然發展和運用優勢觀點與老年人工作、面對機構改變及更大的社會結構變遷。
  • Krauss, S. E., Collura, J., Zeldin, S., Ortega, A., Abdullah, H., Sulaiman, A. H.(2011). Youth-Adult Partnership: Exploring Contributions to Empowerment, Agency and Community Connections in Malaysian Youth Programs . Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 43(9),1550-1562.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Youth-adult partnership (Y-AP) has emerged as a key practice for enacting two features of effective developmental settings: supportive adult relationships and support for efficacy and mattering. Previous studies have shown that when youth, supported by adults, actively participate in organizational and community decision-making they are likely to show greater confidence and agency, empowerment and critical consciousness, and community connections. Most of the extant research on Y-AP is limited to qualitative studies and the identification of organizational best practices. Almost all research focuses on Western sociocultural settings. To address these gaps, 299 youth, age 15 to 24, were sampled from established afterschool and community programs in Malaysia to explore the contribution of Y-AP (operationalized as having two components: youth voice in decision-making and supportive adult relationships) to empowerment, agency and community connections. As hypothesized, hierarchical regressions indicated that program quality (Y-AP, safe environment and program engagement) contributed to agency, empowerment and community connections beyond the contribution of family, school and religion. Additionally, the Y-AP measures contributed substantially more variance than the other measures of program quality on each outcome. Interaction effects indicated differences by age for empowerment and agency but not for community connections. The primary findings in this inquiry replicate those found in previous interview and observational-oriented studies. The data suggests fertile ground for future research while demonstrating that Y-AP may be an effective practice for positive youth development outside of Western settings.
  • Krenz, K., Gilbert, D. J., Mandayam, G.(2014). Exploring Women's Empowerment Through "Credit-Plus'' Microfinance in India. Affilia-Journal of Woman and Social Work. 29(3), 310-325.» 摘要
    • Abstract: Transnational feminist discourse has critiqued the pursuit of women's empowerment through international development programs. Empowerment, when reduced to the provision of financial resources and services, is unlikely to lead to wider changes in gender inequality unless programs strategically combine credit with other vital services. We interviewed women participating in a multifaceted empowerment program in Mumbai, India, to explore the potential of the Credit-Plus model to facilitate pathways of individual and collective empowerment. Emergent themes of empowerment were enhanced socioemotional well-being, increased economic assets, and improved household gender equity. Interview responses demonstrate changes in individual, household, and collective agency dynamics.
  • Kulik, L., Megidna, H.(2011).Women Empower Women: Volunteers and Their Clients in Community Service. Journal of community psychology. 39(8),922-938.» 摘要
    • Abstract: The study is aimed at examining the relationship between psychological empowerment of women volunteers and their clients in community volunteer projects in Israel. Based on an ecological approach, the study also aimed at examining whether the variables that explain empowerment of women who volunteer also explain empowerment of their clients. The sample included 148 women, who were divided into 74 volunteer-client pairs. Psychological empowerment of volunteers did not correlate significantly with psychological empowerment of clients. However, the volunteer women's motives for volunteering and the quality of the volunteer-client interaction correlated positively with psychological empowerment of the clients. Empowerment of volunteers was explained primarily by social motives, by the quality of interactions with their clients, and by the quality of the volunteer's interaction with the coordinator of volunteer activity. In light of the findings, practical recommendations are offered for empowering women volunteers and their clients in community settings.
  • Kulkarni, S.J. , Kennedy, A.C. , Lewis, C.(2010).Using a Risk and Resilience Framework and Feminist Theory to Guide Social Work Interventions With Adolescent Mothers. Family in Society-the Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 91 (3): 217-224. » 摘譯
    • Abstract: Adolescent mothers and their children are among the most vulnerable and challenging clients that social workers serve. With the profession's strong commitment to evidence-based practice in mind, we synthesize current research and theory within a framework that promotes enhanced awareness of the client, practitioner, and larger sociopolitical environment by utilizing risk and resilience and feminist practice approaches. These approaches complement one another and provide a strong conceptual and empirical base for intervention. First, we outline key risk and resilience factors, paying specific attention to potential cumulative trauma. Then we explore the feminist practice perspective as an organizing conceptual framework and empowerment tool for adolescent mothers. A case example illustrates the model in a hypothetical practice situation
  • Kurtz, L. F., & Fisher, M. (2003). Twelve-Step Recovery And Community Service. National Association of Social Workers,137-145.» 摘譯
    • Twelve-Step Recovery And Community Service
    12階段訓練團體被視為可能抑制人們的社區參與。本文以質化方式訪談了參加12階段團體同時也參與社區的33位復元者，，以了解他們的社區參與是如何受到12階段訓練團體的影響。文章描述了參與者的社區活動，以及他們認為此參與和其復元過程之關係。參與者指出團體教導他們技巧、給予機會練習與別人共事、激勵他們奉獻以及使他們直接提供社區服務。本文也作了實務運用的討論。
  • Larsen, D. J., King, R. L., Stege, R., & Egeli, N. A. (2015). Hope in a strengths-based group activity for individuals with chronic pain. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 28(2), 175-199.» 摘要
    Abstract:While hope has been described as the ability to imagine a future in which one wishes to participate, individuals with chronic pain can have difficulty maintaining hope due to the pervasive impact of pain on multiple facets of their lives. This research examines client experiences of hope during a hope and strengths activity offered as part of a group treatment plan for individuals experiencing chronic pain. Entitled Being Hopeful in the Face of Chronic Pain, the group was developed in order to focus on hope and generative emotional experiences, experiences often lacking for individuals with chronic pain. The group activity being studied specifically addressed participants’ current strengths and strengths they hope-to-have-more-of. The study employed basic qualitative inquiry and utilized interpersonal process recall individual interviews to stimulate participant recall. Twelve participants (spanning three separate group offerings) individually discussed their personal experiences as they unfolded during a specific hope and strengths-focused activity. Participants described experiences during the group activity that fostered personal hope via perspective shifts, communion, comparison and connection with other group members. Findings are discussed in the context of current literature on hope, chronic pain, positive psychology and group interventions.
  • Le Brocque, R., De Young, A., Montague, G., Pocock, S., March, S., Triggell, N., ... & Kenardy, J. (2017). Schools and natural disaster recovery: the unique and vital role that teachers and education professionals play in ensuring the mental health of students following natural disasters. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 27(1), 1-23.» 摘要
    Abstract: There is growing evidence that children are vulnerable to poor psychological outcomes following exposure to a range of potentially traumatic events. Teachers are in a unique and well-placed position to provide vital support to children following potentially traumatic events and to also provide a vital role in helping to identify children who may be experiencing ongoing psychosocial difficulties. We present a review of mental health trauma resources available for use in educational settings within Australia and New Zealand, with a primary focus on post-disaster resources. We describe the design, development, and dissemination of our resources and training package, Childhood Trauma Reactions: A Guide for Educators from Preschool to Year 12, and present data on how these resources were received. Trauma-informed practices within the school and classroom will enable better outcomes in the immediate post-trauma environment and beyond for all children. Our model focuses on: (1) increasing awareness and understanding of children's post-trauma reactions, (2) exploring effective strategies for teachers within the classroom, and (3) developing policy and procedures for the identification and referral of children who may be at risk. More funding is required to help distribute training and resources and to make mental health following trauma a higher priority.
  • Lee, J., Weaver, C., Hrostowski, S.(2011).Psychological Empowerment and Child Welfare Worker Outcomes: A Path Analysis. Child &Youth Care Forum. 40(6), 479-497.» 摘要
    Abstract:The purpose of this study was to investigate how work environment and psychological empowerment related to worker outcomes in public child welfare. These relationships were examined by testing a conceptual model in which psychological empowerment mediated the relationships between work environment variables (quality of supervision and role ambiguity) and worker outcome variables (emotional exhaustion and intentions to remain employed in child welfare). Responses from 234 public child welfare front-line workers in a southeastern state were used to test the proposed mediating model. The results of the study revealed that quality of supervision and psychological empowerment were directly related to workers' intentions to remain employed in child welfare. An indirect relationship between quality of supervision and intentions to remain through the mediating variable of psychological empowerment was found. Quality of supervision was also indirectly related to worker emotional exhaustion through the mediating variable of psychological empowerment. While the work environment variable role ambiguity was not directly related to the outcomes emotional exhaustion or intentions to remain, indirect relationships through the mediating variable of psychological empowerment were found.
  • Lee, T.Y., Kwong, W.M., Cheung, C.K., Ungar, M., Cheung, M.Y.L. (2010). Children's Resilience-Related Beliefs as a Predictor of Positive Child Development in the Face of Adversities: Implications for Interventions to Enhance Children's Quality of Life. Social Indicators Research, 95 (3): 437-453.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper reports the findings of a longitudinal childhood resilience study which investigated the relationship between resilience-related beliefs and positive child development. Three waves of data collection (T1, T2, and T3) were completed in January 2005, July 2005, and January 2006 with a sample of 843 grade 4 pupils, drawn from six primary schools in Hong Kong, and their parents or guardians. At T1, parents/guardians responded to a 24-item inventory of life adversities affecting their children since birth; at T1 and T3, they completed a 25-item Parental Assessment of Child's Habit, which provided parental evaluation of children's performance at home and in school. At T1, T2, and T3, children responded to a 58-item Child and Youth Resilience Measure, a 9-item scale on Chinese cultural beliefs about adversity, and an 11-item Chinese Resilience Measure for Children and Adolescents in Hong Kong. Regression analyses, based on linear mixed models, controlling for gender, T1 and T2 scores, personal variables, and random effects of schools, were conducted to test and validate the hypothesis that children's resilience beliefs are predictive of positive child development, and that this predictive relationship is stronger with increasing adversity in children's lives. Implications of these findings for the development of resilience-based interventions to enhance the quality of life of children facing adversities are examined.
  • Leifheit-Limson, E.C., Reid, K.J., Kasl, .SV., Lin, H.Q., Buchanan, D.M., Jones, P.G., Peterson, P.N., Parashar, S., Spertus, J.A.& Lichtman, J.H.(2012). Changes in social support within the early recovery period and outcomes after acute myocardial infarction. Journal of psychosomatic research, 73(1), 35-41.» 摘要
    Abstract:Objective: To examine changes in social support during early recovery after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and determine whether these changes influence outcomes within the first year.

    Methods: Among 1951 AMI patients enrolled in a 19-center prospective study, we examined changes in social support between baseline (index hospitalization) and 1 month post-AMI to longitudinally assess their association with health status and depressive symptoms within the first year. We further examined whether 1-month support predicted outcomes independent of baseline support. Hierarchical repeated-measures regression evaluated associations, adjusting for site, baseline outcome level, baseline depressive symptoms, sociodemographic characteristics, and clinical factors.

    Results: During the first month of recovery, 5.6% of patients had persistently low support, 6.4% had worsened support, 8.1% had improved support, and 80.0% had persistently high support. In risk-adjusted analyses, patients with worsened support (vs. persistently high) had greater risk of angina (relative risk=1.46), lower disease-specific quality of life (beta=7.44), lower general mental functioning (beta=4.82), and more depressive symptoms (beta=1.94) (all p <=.01). Conversely, patients with improved support (vs. persistently low) had better outcomes, including higher disease-specific quality of life (beta=6.78), higher general mental functioning (beta=4.09), and fewer depressive symptoms (beta=1.48) (all p <=.002). In separate analyses, low support at 1 month was significantly associated with poorer outcomes, independent of baseline support level (all p <=.002)

    Conclusion: Changes in social support during early AMI recovery were not uncommon and were important for predicting outcomes. Intervening on low support during early recovery may provide a means of improving outcomes. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  • Lengnick-Hall C.A., Beck T.E. , Lengnick-Hall M.L. (2011) .Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review, 21(3), 243-255.» 摘要
    Abstract: Resilient organizations thrive despite experiencing conditions that are surprising, uncertain, often adverse, and usually unstable. We propose that an organization's capacity for resilience is developed through strategically managing human resources to create competencies among core employees, that when aggregated at the organizational level, make it possible for organizations to achieve the ability to respond in a resilient manner when they experience severe shocks. We begin by reviewing three elements central to developing an organization's capacity for resilience (specific cognitive abilities, behavioral characteristics, and contextual conditions). Next we identify the individual level employee contributions needed to achieve each of these elements. We then explain how HR policies and practices within a strategic human resource management system can influence individual attitudes and behaviors so that when these individual contributions are aggregated at the organizational level through the processes of double interact and attraction-selection-attrition, the organization is more likely to possess a capacity for resilience.
  • Lengnick-Hall C.A., Beck T.E., Lengnick-Hal,l M.L. (2011). Developing a capacity for organizational resilience through strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management Review , 21(3), 243-255.» 摘要
    Abstract: Resilient organizations thrive despite experiencing conditions that are surprising, uncertain, often adverse, and usually unstable. We propose that an organization's capacity for resilience is developed through strategically managing human resources to create competencies among core employees, that when aggregated at the organizational level, make it possible for organizations to achieve the ability to respond in a resilient manner when they experience severe shocks. We begin by reviewing three elements central to developing an organization's capacity for resilience (specific cognitive abilities, behavioral characteristics, and contextual conditions). Next we identify the individual level employee contributions needed to achieve each of these elements. We then explain how HR policies and practices within a strategic human resource management system can influence individual attitudes and behaviors so that when these individual contributions are aggregated at the organizational level through the processes of double interact and attraction-selection-attrition, the organization is more likely to possess a capacity for resilience.
  • Lethbridge, K., Andrusyszyn, M.A., Iwasiw, C., Laschinger, H.K.S., Fernando, R.(2011). Structural and Psychological Empowerment and Reflective Thinking: Is There a Link? Journal of Nursing Education. 50(11), 636-U89.» 摘要
    Abstract:Baccalaureate nursing education prepares students to become registered nurses in evolving health care systems. During their program, students' perceptions of empowerment in the nursing profession begin to form, and they are introduced to the process of reflective thinking. The purpose of this integrative literature review is unique in that three concepts are examined and linked-structural empowerment (as conceptualized by Kanter), psychological empowerment (as described by Spreitzer), and reflective thinking (as characterized by Mezirow)-and a theoretical model for testing is proposed. In examining the conceptual links, it is apparent that all three are required for learning and nursing practice. By preparing students to be empowered, reflective professionals, it is proposed that they will be more effective in their academic and future practice work. The conceptual links and proposed model described in this article provide the foundation for building a body of evidence to support or refute this contention.
  • Leung, L. (2009). User-generated content on the internet: an examination of gratifications, civic engagement and psychological empowerment. New Media & Society, 11 (8): 1327-1347.» 摘要
    Abstract: As they relate to user-generated content on the internet, civic engagement and psychological empowerment have received significant interest in recent years. While Past Studies have examined online civic participation and political empowerment, the way in which civic engagement offline and content generation online are related to psychological empowerment has not been thoroughly explored. The purpose of this stud), is to address the roles that gratifications of content generation online (e.g. satisfying recognition needs, cognitive needs, social needs and entertainment needs) and civic engagement offline play in predicting levels of user-generated content on the internet; and how the gratifications of content generation online, civic engagement offline and User-generated content influence the three components of psychological empowerment (i.e. self-efficacy, perceived competence and desire for control). This study reasserts that psychological empowerment can be enhanced by one's degree of content generation online and by both one's attitude and behavior in civic engagement offline.
  • Limonero, J. T., Tomas-Sabado, J., Fernandez-Castro, J., Gómez-Romero, Mª José & Ardilla-Herrero, A. (2012).Resilient coping strategies and emotion regulation: predictors of life satisfaction. Behavioral Psychology Psicologia Conductual, 20(1), 183-196.» 摘要
    Abstract:This study was designed with two objectives: (1) analyse the relationship between resilience (resilient coping strategies) and life satisfaction; and (2) examine whether this relationship is moderated or mediated by perceived emotion regulation. A sample of 254 undergraduate psychology students completed the Perceived Emotional Repair (REP) subscale of the Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS-24), the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). The finding showed that people with high scores in BRCS had higher levels of REP and SWLS. Moreover, it was observed that those students who had both high levels of BRCS and REP had higher SWLS. Results revealed a positive correlation between BRCS scores, SWLS and REP. The results do not support the idea of a possible mediating and moderating effect of emotional regulation in the relationship found between resilience and life satisfaction. Implication of these results for life satisfaction and how people cope with adverse or stressful situations are discussed.
  • Liu, C. L. J., Mishna, F. (2014). Resilience in a cultural context: Taiwanese female earthquake survivors. Qualitative Social Work, 13(2), 288-303.» 摘要
    Abstract:The aim of the current study was to examine how females survive natural disaster in non-western culture and to gain understanding of their unique experiences in rebuilding their lives. In September 1999, a major earthquake, named '921 Earthquake,' measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale occurred in Taiwan. Many people survived, struggling a great deal in their efforts to reconstruct their lives. Five years after this earthquake, many survivors, including women, were reported to have rebuilt self-sufficient lives. Given the vulnerability of women and their greater difficulties in resuming their lives, an important question was how these women were able to be successful in this endeavor. Utilizing a grounded theory approach, 16 female 921 Earthquake survivors who had been helped by social workers, no longer received government aid and had successfully regained their selfsufficiency, voluntarily participated in this study. The study findings revealed that the coping strategies guided by female gender norms in the family, embedded in Taiwanese culture, including: children's needs are the first priority as a maternal role norm; men working outside and women working inside; and female gender norms of supporting the family when husbands could not, were the major resources participants accessed and utilized to successfully cope with the difficulties after the 921 Earthquake. The participants' narratives demonstrated that cultural norms can serve as coping resources for survivors. Implications for social work practice are addressed.
  • Liu, H. C. (2014). Effects of Crisis Leadership in Public Sectors on Satisfaction with Post-Disaster Recovery. Revista De Cercetare Si Interventie Socaiala, 47, 67-77.   » 摘要
    Abstract:Crises normally occur without any alerts and cover broadly. More importantly, improper Crisis Leadership would result in the situation more difficult. For organizations, being able to predict the occurrence of crises would be the best condition for reducing losses. Unfortunately, most situations appear contrarily as crises often occur suddenly and strictly test the crisis leadership of an organization. The discussion about Crisis Leadership focused more on the USA after World War II. Although it has been a long period of time, most US enterprises still pay for it. Aiming at the sufferers of The 88 Taiwan Flood, total 600 copies of questionnaires are distributed in this study. Having deducted invalid and incomplete ones, total 327 copies are valid, with the retrieval rate 55%. The research results show partially positive correlations between Crisis Leadership and Quality of Reconstruction Product, Quality of Service Personnel, and Connotation of Recovery Service in Satisfaction with Post-Disaster Recovery and Demographic Variables appear significant moderating effects on the correlations between Crisis Leadership and Satisfaction with Post-Disaster Recovery.
  • Liu, Y., Wang, Z. & Li, Z. (2012). Affective mediators of the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(7), 833-838.   » 摘要
    Abstract:The primary goal of this study was to explore the influence of neuroticism and resilience on life satisfaction and investigate the mediating effects of positive and negative affect on this relationship. A total of 282 participants were administered a battery of questionnaires that assessed neuroticism, resilience, positive and negative affect, and life satisfaction. Results from path analyses (AMOS) revealed that positive affect partially mediated the association between neuroticism and life satisfaction. Furthermore, the association between resilience and life satisfaction was fully mediated by positive affect. These findings highlight the mediational role of positive rather than negative affect in the relationships between neuroticism, resilience and life satisfaction. Results elaborate on the earlier findings connecting neuroticism and resilience to life satisfaction. Limitations of the study are considered and implications of the results for promotion of individuals' life satisfaction are discussed. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Losada, C., Scaparra, M.P. & O’Hanley, J.R.(2012). Optimizing system resilience: A facility protection model with recovery time. European Journal of Operationa,, 217(3), 519-530.» 摘要
    Abstract:Optimizing system resilience is concerned with the development of strategies to restore a system to normal operations as quickly and efficiently as possible following potential disruption. To this end, we present in this article a bilevel mixed integer linear program for protecting an uncapacitated median type facility network against worst-case losses, taking into account the role of facility recovery time on system performance and the possibility of multiple disruptions over time. The model differs from previous types of facility protection models in that protection is not necessarily assumed to prevent facility failure altogether, but more precisely to speed up recovery time following a potential disruption. Three different decomposition approaches are devised to optimally solve medium to large problem instances. Computational results provide a cross comparison of the efficiency of each algorithm. Additionally, we present an analysis to estimate cost-efficient levels of investments in protection resources.
  • Lundman, B., Aléx, L., Jonsén, E., Lövheim, H., Nygren, B., Santamäki Fischer, R., Strandberg, G.& Norberg, A.(2012).Inner Strength in Relation to Functional Status, Disease, Living Arrangements, and Social Relationships Among People Aged 85 Years and Older. Geriatric Nursing, 33(3), 167-176.» 摘要
    Abstract:Inner strength is described as an important resource that promotes well-being. We used data from a sample of 185 people in the Umea 85+ cohort study to relate inner strength and its attributes to objective health variables. The Resilience, Sense of Coherence, Purpose in Life, and Self-Transcendence scales were used to assess aspects of inner strength, and strong correlations between the scales were found. Prevalence of heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, osteoporosis, or diagnosed depression was associated with low inner strength. Significant relationships were also found between high inner strength and various measures of social relationships. Participants with a higher degree of inner strength had better physical health and more satisfying social relationships. The promotion of inner strength should be a major aim of geriatric nursing. (Geriatr Nurs 2012;33:167-176)
  • Lyons, KD., Lambert, LA., Balan, S., Hegel, MT., Bartels, S.(2013).Changes in Activity Levels of Older Adult Cancer Survivors. Otjr-Occupation Participation and Health, 33(1), 31-39.» 摘要
    Abstract:Abstract: Older adult cancer survivors often experience disability after cancer treatment, but little is known about how they adjust their daily activities during recovery and their opinions about those adjustments. Forty-three cancer survivors older than 60 years completed an oral interview using standardized and semi-structured assessments of activity level and mood. Overall, participants had a 12% reduction in their activity level at 3 months post-treatment. Greatest reductions were seen for high physically demanding leisure activities (34% reduction) and social activities (16% reduction), with lesser reductions in instrumental (7% reduction) and low physically demanding leisure activities (4% reduction). Twelve percent reported clinically significant depressive symptoms and none met criteria for anxiety disorders. Although cancer treatment is only one factor affecting activity routines, it creates challenges and older adults often reconsider priorities regarding how to spend limited energy. A customized balance of energizing and energy-depleting activities may be most conducive to recovery after cancer treatment.
  • MacPhee, M., Skelton-Green, J., Bouthillette, F., Suryaprakash, N. (2011).An empowerment framework for nursing leadership development: supporting evidence. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 68(1),159-169.» 摘要
    Abstract:Aim. This article is a report on a descriptive study of nurse leaders perspectives of the outcomes of a formal leadership programme.
    Background. Effective nurse leaders are necessary to address complex issues associated with healthcare systems reforms. Little is known about the types of leadership development programmes that most effectively prepare nurse leaders for healthcare challenges. When nurse leaders use structural and psychological empowerment strategies, the results are safer work environments and better nurse outcomes. The leadership development programme associated with this study is based on a unifying theoretical empowerment framework to empower nurse leaders and enable them to empower others.
    Methods. Twenty seven front-line and mid-level nurse leaders with variable years of experience were interviewed for 1 year after participating in a formal leadership development programme. Data were gathered in 20082009 from four programme cohorts. Four researchers independently developed code categories and themes using qualitative content analysis.
    Results. Evidence of leadership development programme empowerment included nurse leader reports of increased self-confidence with respect to carrying out their roles and responsibilities; positive changes in their leadership styles; and perceptions of staff recognition of positive stylistic changes. Regardless of years of experience, mid-level leaders had a broader appreciation of practice environment issues than front-line leaders. Time for reflection was valuable to all participants, and front-line leaders, in particular, appreciated the time to discuss nurse-specific issues with their colleagues.
    Conclusion. This study provides evidence that a theoretical empowerment framework and strategies can empower nurse leaders, potentially resulting in staff empowerment.
  • Magklara, E., Burton, CR., Morrison, V.(2014). Does self-efficacy influence recovery and well-being in osteoarthritis patients undergoing joint replacement? A systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation , 28 (9): 835-846.» 摘要
    Abstract: Objective: To investigate the role of self-efficacy in functional recovery and well-being outcomes in osteoarthritis patients, undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery. Data sources: Studies were identified using MEDLINE via PUB med, PsycINFO and CINAHL from inception to July 2013. Methods: Three search strategies that combined key terms of 'self-efficacy', 'functional recovery', 'well-being' and 'joint replacement' were applied. Titles and abstracts were screened for eligibility and, accordingly, potentially eligible studies were retrieved for review. Included studies were assessed in terms of their quality, and data were extracted by two independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis of results was conducted. Results: In total, 836 articles were identified and after electronic de-duplication, 708 articles remained. After screening 15 articles were retrieved as potentially eligible and eight articles were included in the review. Of the eight studies (n = 967 patients), seven had a prospective design and all studies were considered of good quality. No fully conclusive evidence for the influence of self-efficacy upon functional recovery outcomes was found. When the timing of self-efficacy measurement was examined, postoperative self-efficacy was found to be related to functional recovery outcomes. Conclusion: Presurgical self-efficacy was the least consistent predictor of functional outcomes while postoperative self-efficacy was more consistently associated with recovery outcomes such as longer distance ambulation, exercise repetition and frequency, walking speed and disability.
  • Malone, E. (2017). The Cold Truth: Art as Fulcrum for Recovery in Participants and for Civic Change. Journal of Social Work Practice, 31(2), 227-236.» 摘要
    Abstract: This article describes art curating with sexually exploited young people. It reviews The Cold Truth: an exhibition produced by CSE survivors at Radiant Gallery, Plymouth, UK, 2016. The article proposes that the quality of the art produced by young people can catalyse social and civic change through public engagement and service commissioner adoption; and a pathway to psychosocial recovery for participants. It examines the transformative power of the art object created during the intervention. The article draws on Frogett et al’s “Aesthetic Third” to propose artwork as a fulcrum between silenced children, and communities which avoid unpalatable truths. It proposes that artworks eliciting empathetic responses are more powerful than those stimulating sympathetic responses. It offers Matarasso’s indicators of great art as language to consider the quality of art created by children, and to advocate that service leaders and commissioners use quality art processes to design and deliver effective services.
  • Mancoske, R. J. (2015). Social Work with Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals: A Strengths Perspective. Katherine van Wormer, Joel Wells and Mary Boes. Reviewed by Ronald J. Mancoske. The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 27(4), 13.
  • Mantulak, A., & Nicholas, D. B. (2016). “We’re not going to say it’s suffering; we’re going to say it’s an experience”: The lived experience of maternal caregivers in pediatric kidney transplantation. Social work in health care, 55(8), 580-594.» 摘要
    Abstract: Advances in the surgical and immunological aspects of pediatric kidney transplantation have resulted in significant improvements in long-term outcome and survival rates. However, there continues to be a negative impact reported on overall family functioning despite the reported good health and quality of life for the transplanted child. This research utilizes a phenomenological approach to examine the lived experiences of seven mothers of children who had undergone kidney transplantation. Findings of the study illuminate that the experience of mothering in the context of pediatric kidney transplantation is reflected in (1) the significance of relationships to the experience of self; (2) the lived experience of time; and (3) opportunities for growth and personal development. This research identifies that, while maternal caregiving in this context is fraught with challenges, there are opportunities for the development of skills and personal growth within the experience. By embracing a strength-based perspective, social work is well positioned to offer support for maternal meaning-making and adjustment during times of stress and uncertainty.,
  • March, E., Gaffney, J.S. (2010).Relational Identities of Students, Families, and Educators Shaping Educational Pathways. Remedial And Special Education, 31 (1): 3-16.» 摘要
    Abstract: This retrospective study sketched the educational pathways of two seniors attending an alternative high school in an attempt to discern how relational identities of students, families, and educators are defining forces of such pathways. Cumulative school records and special education files were triangulated with interviews of the students, their guardians, and school personnel, beginning with students' entry into preschool. Events, decisions, and experiences that shaped students' educational pathways were identified. The interpretive reading of the data revealed the interplay among students', educators', and families' identities and how they sustained, diverted, and redirected the journeys of participating students. Educators are called to be facilitators in the interplays among the student, school, and family identities through the development of committed relationships in school environments. Educators are critical mediators who can help students build resilience against stressors, a sense of belonging, and responsibility for creating lived trajectories that are personally and socially fulfilling.
  • Mason, AE., Law, R.W., Bryan, A.E.B., Portley, R.M.& Sbarra, D.A. (2012). Facing a breakup: Electromyographic responses moderate self-concept recovery following a romantic separation. Personal relationships, 19(3), 551-568.» 摘要
    Abstract: Romantic breakups arouse fundamental questions about the self: Who am I without my partner? This study examined self-concept reorganization and psychological well-being over an 8-week period in the months following a breakup. Multilevel analyses revealed that poorer self-concept recovery preceded poorer well-being and was associated with love for an ex-partner, suggesting that failure to redefine the self contributes to post-breakup distress. Psychophysiological data revealed that greater activity in the corrugator supercilia facial muscle while thinking about an ex-partner predicted poorer self-concept recovery and strengthened the negative association between love for an ex-partner and self-concept recovery. Thus, the interaction between self-report and psychophysiological data provided information about the importance of self-concept recovery to post-breakup adjustment not tapped by either method alone.
  • Matthews, A., Scott, P.A., Gallagher, P.(2009). The development and psychometric evaluation of the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale. Midwifery, 25(3), 327-335.» 摘要
    Abstract: Objective: to develop and psychometrically evaluate a scale to measure midwives' perceptions of their levels of empowerment.
    Design: a cross-sectional postal survey, carried out in May 2005.
    Participants: a random sample of midwives practising in Ireland (n = 244).
    Measurement and findings: the Perceptions of Empowerment in Midwifery Scale (PEMS) was developed and psychometrically evaluated in this study. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the scale, using Principal Axis Factoring with an oblique (Direct Oblimin) rotation. This suggested three sub-scales: autonomous practice; effective management and women-centred practice. The scale was found to be a valid and reliable instrument.
    Key conclusions: the PEMS is an appropriate tool. to measure midwives' perceptions of their levels of empowerment. Implications for practice: within the current context of change in Irish midwifery, this research facilitates the articulation and measurement of the conditions that facilitate empowerment in midwifery, which can assist in enhancing the midwifery contribution to maternity care.
  • McFadden, P., Taylor, BJ., Campbell, A., McQuilkin, J. (2012). Systematically Identifying Relevant Research: Case Study on Child Protection Social Workers' Resilience. Research On Social Work Practice, 22 (6): 626-636.» 摘要
    Abstract: Context: The development of a consolidated knowledge base for social work requires rigorous approaches to identifying relevant research. Method: The quality of 10 databases and a web search engine were appraised by systematically searching for research articles on resilience and burnout in child protection social workers. Results: Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) had greatest sensitivity, each retrieving more than double than any other database. PsycINFO and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL) had highest precision. Google Scholar had modest sensitivity and good precision in relation to the first 100 items. SSCI, Google Scholar, Medline, and CINAHL retrieved the highest number of hits not retrieved by any other database. Conclusion: A range of databases is required for even modestly comprehensive searching. Advanced database searching methods are being developed but the profession requires greater standardization of terminology to assist in information retrieval.
  • Mena, S., de Leede, M., Baumann, D., Black, N., Lindeman, S., McShane, L. (2010). Advancing the Business and Human Rights Agenda: Dialogue, Empowerment, and Constructive Engagement. Journal of Business Ethics, 93 (1): 161-188.» 摘要
    Abstract: As corporations are going global, they are increasingly confronted with human rights challenges. As such, new ways to deal with human rights challenges in corporate operations must be developed as traditional governance mechanisms are not always able to tackle them. This article presents five different views on innovative solutions for the relationships between business and human rights that all build on empowerment, dialogue and constructive engagement. The different approaches highlight an emerging trend toward a more active role for corporations in the protection of human rights. The first examines the need for enhanced dialogue between corporations and their stakeholders. The next three each examine a different facet of empowerment, a critical factor for the respect and protection of human rights: empowerment of the poor, of communities, and of consumers. The final one presents a case study of constructive corporate engagement in Myanmar (Burma). Altogether, these research projects provide insight into the complex relationships between corporate operations and human rights, by highlighting the importance of stakeholder dialogue and empowerment. All the five projects were presented during the Second Swiss Master Class in Corporate Social Responsibility, held in Lausanne, Switzerland on December 12, 2008. The audience for this conference, which examined business and human rights, was composed of researchers, governmental representatives, and business and non-governmental organization practitioners.
  • Meyer, I.H. (2010). Identity, Stress, and Resilience in Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals of Color. Counseling Psychologist, 38 (3): 442-454.» 摘要
    Abstract:The author addresses two issues raised in Moradi, DeBlaere, and Huang's Major Contribution to this issue: the intersection of racial/ethnic and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identities and the question of stress and resilience. The author expands on Moradi et al.'s work, hoping to encourage further research. On the intersection of identities, the author notes that LGB identities among people of color have been construed as different from the identities of White LGB persons, purportedly because of an inherent conflict between racial/ethnic and gay identities. The author suggests that contrary to this, LGB people of color can have positive racial/ethnic and LGB identities. On the question of stress and resilience, hypotheses have suggested that compared with White LGB individuals, LGB people of color have both more stress and more resilience. The author addresses the competing hypotheses within the larger perspective of minority stress theory, noting that the study of stress and resilience among LGB people of color is relevant to core questions about social stress as a cause of mental disorders.
  • Migerode,F. , Maes, B. , Buysse, R.(2012).Quality of Life in Adolescents with a Disability and Their Parents: The Mediating Role of Social Support and Resilience .Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities,24(5), 487-503.» 摘要
    Abstract:The aim of this study was to test whether the effect of the pile-up of demands associated with a disability on quality of life, was mediated by resilience, quantity and quality of social support for adolescents with a disability and their parents. One hundred and thirty two parents, 90 mothers and 42 fathers and 111 adolescents, aged between 16 and 24 years completed measures of the pile-up of demands, social support, resilience and quality of life. Structural equation modeling with the bootstrap resampling method showed that the impact of the disability of their son/daughter on the quality of life of the parents was fully mediated through the parents' resilience and the quantity of social support and that resilience, however only partly, mediates the effect of adaptive skills on the quality of life of the adolescents with a disability. Limitations of the study and clinical implications are discussed.
  • Ming-hui, L.（2008）.Relationship among stress coping, secure attachment, and the trait of resilience among Taiwanese college students. College Student Journal, 42（2）, 312-326.»摘譯
    Relationship among stress coping, secure attachment, and the trait of resilience among Taiwanese college students
    大學生通常生活在壓力生活中，然而有些大學生在相似的情況下似乎比他們的同儕適應更良好。主動因應似乎是一個極其重要的因素。本研究探索在高度、一般和低度壓力情況下，壓力、安全依附和復原特徵之間對於預測主動因應的相對有效性。低度和高度壓力情況的結合被稱為一般壓力狀況。應用多元回歸來探索主動因應的有效預測。有鑒於壓力沒有顯著地與主動因應有關，復原的特徵是主動因應在高度、一般和低度壓力情況下最有效的預測因素。應用雙因子變異數分析來探測主動因應的壓力和復原特徵之間的交互影響。沒有發現主動因應的壓力和復原特徵有交互影響。結果顯示無論學生的壓力程度為何，諮商員可以透過增強更多學生的復原力而非其安全依附，來幫助大學生主動地因應壓力情況。
  • Minnebo, J. & Eggermont, S.(2012). Trauma Recovery in Victims of Crime: The Role of Television Viewing Motives and Television Exposure. JOURNAL OF LOSS & TRAUMA, 17(1), 73-97.» 摘要
    Abstract: Previous research has suggested that apart from being a consequence of psychological distress, television use may also have an impact on the evolution of distress symptoms. The present study tested this hypothesis in a sample of 224 crime victims. Subjects were interviewed 3, 6, and 9 months post-crime. The questionnaire measured multiple pre-, mid-, and post-trauma factors as well as television viewing motives and overall and selective exposure to television. The results of a linear mixed effects analyses indicate that with regard to television, viewing motives in particular have net effects that hamper or benefit the recovery process of crime victims. Implications for research dealing with uses and gratifications and both overall and selective exposure to television are discussed.
  • Moenkemeyer, G., Hoegl, M., Weiss, M.(2012). Innovator resilience potential: A process perspective of individual resilience as influenced by innovation project termination. Human Relations, 65(5), 627-655.  » 摘要
    Abstract:Innovation projects fail at an astonishing rate. Yet, the negative effects of innovation project failures on the team members of these projects have been largely neglected in research streams that deal with innovation project failures. After such setbacks, it is vital to maintain or even strengthen project members' innovative capabilities for subsequent innovation projects. For this, the concept of resilience, i.e. project members' potential to positively adjust (or even grow) after a setback such as an innovation project failure, is fundamental. We develop the second-order construct of innovator resilience potential, which consists of six components - self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, optimism, hope, self-esteem, and risk propensity - that are important for project members' potential of innovative functioning in innovation projects subsequent to a failure. We illustrate our theoretical findings by means of a qualitative study of a terminated large-scale innovation project, and derive implications for research and management.
  • Moreno-Jimenez, B., Mayo, M., Sanz-Vergel, AI., Geurts, S., Rodriguez-Munoz, A., Garrosa, E. (2009). Effects of Work-Family Conflict on Employees' Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Recovery Strategies. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(4), 427-440.» 摘要
    Abstract: Based on the effort-recovery model, this study links work-family conflict (WFC) and family-work conflict (FWC) with the concept of recovery. The authors hypothesize that 2 recovery strategies-psychological detachment from work and verbal expression of emotions-moderate the relationship of these 2 types of conflict with 2 indicators of well-being, namely psychological strain and life satisfaction. For our sample of 128 emergency professionals from Spain, psychological detachment from work moderated the relationship between WFC and psychological strain, and between FWC and life satisfaction. Verbal expression of emotions moderated the relationship between both types of conflict and psychological strain.
  • Morgan, J. (2016). Participation, empowerment and capacity building: Exploring young people's perspectives on the services provided to them by a grassroots NGO in sub-Saharan Africa. Children and Youth Services Review, 65, 175-182.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper explores young people's perspectives on the services that were provided to them by one NGO in sub-Saharan Africa. Semi-structured interviews and discussion groups were carried out with 71 young people, aged between 10 and 18 years old, who lived and worked on the street. Volunteer facilitators (n = 26) who run the groups and who had either previously lived on their street themselves or who lived in the ‘informal slum areas’ also took part in the discussions. A number of challenges and tensions became apparent from discussions including issues around capacity building, empowerment, participation and the depoliticised nature of social action.
  • Morton, M.H., Montgomery, P.(2012).Empowerment-based non-formal education for Arab youth: A pilot randomized trial. Child and Youth Services Review. 34(2), 417-425.» 摘要
    Abstract:Youth empowerment has grown globally as an intervention strategy in social services for improving adolescent outcomes. This pilot study assessed the short-term effects of youth empowerment programming on developmental assets and behavioral difficulties for out-of-school youth in Jordan. Participants included 127 youth. with mean age of 15.91 years (SD=1.62). Youths were randomly assigned to either an empowerment-based non-formal education program or to a waitlist comparison. Data were collected at baseline and at 4-month follow-up. No significant intervention effects were found for developmental assets (e.g.. self-efficacy or social skills). Higher level of empowerment, however, in program implementation appeared related to more positive outcomes. Analyses did show a significant, positive intervention effect on conduct problems (p=0.02; d=0.57); effects were mostly attributable to changes in the younger (13-15) age group. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
  • Murphy-Graham, E.(2010). And when she comes home? Education and women's empowerment in intimate relationships. International Journal of Educational Development, 30 (3): 320-331.» 摘要
    Abstract: While previous research has focused on the relationship between education and women's empowerment in the public sphere, their empowerment in the private sphere has been less fully developed in empirical studies. Drawing on a theoretical model of change in marital relationships, this article examines how women who participated in an innovative secondary education program in rural Honduran Garifuna communities were able to negotiate more equitable roles in their intimate relationships.
  • Muntean, A., & Cojocaru, S. (2016). Resilience of Children Behind Bars. Revista de Cercetare si Interventie Sociala, 52, 64-79.» 摘要
    Abstract: This study focuses on the resilience of delinquent children, youth and children who are serving a sentence of imprisonment in an educational center. In Romania, according to official statistics in June 2014, there are a number of 218 children of both sexes, aged between 14-18 years, in this situation. By 2009, when the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC) draws attention to the Romanian state on the rights of children deprived of liberty, these children were silenced, and the child protection system in Romania did not assume responsibilities on them. According to longitudinal internal statistics, approximately 75-80% of the children and youth serving a custodial sentence are found, years later, in adult prisons. These statistics are consistent with the percentage of resilience found internationally on populations of vulnerable children. Since the first research on resilience, in the 70s, it was noted a rate of 20-25% of resilient children, despite the vicissitudes that they faced during childhood, were able to overcome them. The percentage of natural resilience of children was later confirmed in other research aimed to highlight the resilience, and in recent years this proportion of resilience was confirmed on children adopted in England from institutions in Romania.
  • Murray, C (2010). Conceptualizing Young People's Strategies of Resistance to Offending as 'Active Resilience'. British Journal of Social Work, 40 (1): 115-132.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper draws on the Quest for Identity study, which comprised secondary analysis of interviews with young people who have never offended ('resisters') and young people who have offended, then ceased ('desisters'), as well as peer led focus groups with resisters. However, the paper focuses solely on the semi-structured interviews with 62 young resisters and addresses the research question as to how they maintain their resistance to offending. Contrary to the passivity associated with non-offending, it is argued that in maintaining their resistance to offending young resisters engage in what I term 'active resilience'. This is exemplified by a range of strategies employed by resisters, which includes: managing offending peers, taking temporal leaps, 'othering' offenders and telling atrocity stories. The concept of active resilience resonates with the key theoretical perspective associated with the social studies of childhood, which characterises young people as agentic social actors, and also with the resilience literature, with its recent perceptible shift towards acknowledging young people's contribution to their own resilience. The paper concludes with the implications of the findings for policy, practice and future research.
  • Neumayer, E., de Soysa, I. (2011).Globalization and the Empowerment of Women: An Analysis of Spatial Dependence via Trade and Foreign Direct Investment. World Development, 39(7) ,1065-1075.» 摘要
    Abstract: This article tests the hypothesis that higher women's economic and social rights in foreign countries with which a country is connected via trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) spill-over into higher rights among the laggards-a phenomenon known as spatial dependence. Analyzing women's rights over the period 1981-2007 in a global sample and samples of countries at different stages of economic development, we find consistent evidence for spill-over effects via trade links, with the exception of a sample of low-income countries. We also find some evidence for similar effects via FDI, but only for economic rights and only in middle-income countries.
  • Ni Raghallaigh, M., Gilligan, R. (2010). Active survival in the lives of unaccompanied minors: coping strategies, resilience, and the relevance of religion. Child & Family Social Work, 15 (2): 226-237.» 摘要
    Abstract: Asylum-seeking unaccompanied minors contend with numerous challenges as they adjust to living in a new country. Although increasing attention has been paid to their capacity for resilience, little research has been done on the exact manner in which they cope. This paper describes some of the insights gleaned from a qualitative study undertaken with unaccompanied minors living in Ireland. Six different coping strategies are identified, namely: (1) Maintaining continuity in a changed context, (2) Adjusting by learning and changing, (3) Adopting a positive outlook, (4) Suppressing emotions and seeking distraction, (5) Acting independently, and (6) Distrusting. These are described in turn. Particular attention is paid to the role of religion in relation to the participants' coping strategies.
  • Nitsch, M ; Waldherr, K ; Denk, E ; Griebler, U ; Marent, B ; Forster, R (2013). Participation by different stakeholders in participatory evaluation of health promotion: A literature review. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING, 40, 42-54.» 摘要
    Abstract: Participatory evaluation has been increasingly used in health promotion (HP) and various forms of participatory evaluation have been put into practice. Simultaneously, the concept of participation has become more important for evaluation research in general, which is equally diverse and the subject of various discourses. This study addresses the issue of how the concept of participation has been established in HP evaluation practice. An analytical framework was developed, which served as a basis for a literature review, but can also be used as a general framework for analyzing and planning the scope of participation by various stakeholders within different phases of participatory evaluation. Three dimensions of participation, which refer to decision making (decision power, deliberation) and action processes are distinguished. The results show that only a few articles discussed participatory evaluation processes and participatory (evaluation) research was largely put forth by participatory (action) research in communities. The articles analyzed referred mostly to three stakeholder groups - evaluators, program staff and beneficiaries - and to participation processes in the initial evaluation phases. The application of the framework revealed that decision power seems to be held predominantly by program staff, evaluators seem to be more involved in action processes and beneficiaries in deliberation processes. (c) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  • Notter M.L., MacTavish K.A.& Shamah D.（2008）. Pathways Toward Resilience Among Women in Rural Trailer Parks. Family Relations, 57（3）, 613-624.» 摘譯
    Pathways Toward Resilience Among Women in Rural Trailer Parks
    雖然復原逐漸被認為是一個終身的過程，許多復原研究仍關注於童年。成人期被認為可能是朝向復原的行動之轉捩點；然而，這樣的機會卻無法平均分配給整個社會階級和地理區位。利用生命歷程的觀點，我們檢視8個住在鄉下組合屋的母親之復原途徑，進而瞭解他們如何處理邁向復原的軌道。整個生命歷程中的多重轉捩點強調建立支持，而遠離沒支持的影響特別重要。然而，持續性的經濟困難和有限的社會支持對於邁向復原途徑造成重大且持續性的挑戰。本文也討論了有關政策和方案的影響。
  • O'Brien, J.L.(2011). Relationships Among Structural Empowerment, Psychological Empowerment, And Burnout in Registered Staff Nurses Working in Outpatient Dialysis Centers. Nephrology Nursing Journal .38(6), 475-481.» 摘要
    Abstract:This study explored relationships among structural empowerment, psychological empowerment, and burnout in registered staff nurses working in outpatient hemodialysis settings. The sample consisted of 233 registered staff nurses. The Emotional Exhaustion Subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Conditions for Work Effectiveness II Questionnaire, and Psychological Empowerment Instrument were used to measure variables. Findings indicate that in this population of nurses, there is a significant inverse relationship between structured empowerment and burnout.
  • O'Brien, W.(2012). The recovery imperative: A critical examination of mid-life women's recovery from depression. Social science & medicine, 75(3), 573-580.» 摘要
    Abstract:Australian mental health services have responded to the problem of depression by adopting an early intervention and recovery orientation. Using qualitative research conducted in Australia with 80 women aged 20 to 75 years, we examine how participants invoked particular metaphors to construct meaning about the gendered experience of depression and recovery. We argue that women's stories of recovery provide a rich source of interpretive material to consider the everyday metaphors of recovery beyond clinical notions and linear models of personal change. We identified key metaphors women drew on to articulate the struggle of self-transformation through depression and recovery: the immobilizing effect of depression, recovery as a battle to control depression, and recovery as a journey of self-knowledge. Our findings might be useful for mental health professionals in a range of clinical contexts to reflect on the power of language for shaping how women interpret their experiences of recovery from depression.
  • O'Reilly, C.L.; Bell, J.S., Chen, T.F.(2012). Mental health consumers and caregivers as instructors for health professional students: a qualitative study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 47(4), 607-613.» 摘要
    Abstract:Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the self-reported effect of consumer and caregiver-led education for pharmacy students and to explore the goals, challenges and benefits of mental health consumer educators providing education to health professional students.

    Methods Five focus groups (mean duration 46 min, SD 22 min) were held with 23 participants (11 undergraduate pharmacy students, 12 mental health consumer educators) using semi-structured interview guides. The focus groups were digitally audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and thematically content analyzed using a constant comparison approach.

    Results Three major themes emerged from the data; raising awareness about mental health, impact on professional practice and impact on mental health consumers. The students reported decreased stigma, improved attitudes toward mental illness and behavior changes in their professional practice. The primary reason for becoming an educator was to raise awareness and reduce mental health stigma. However, educators also benefited personally through empowerment, improved confidence and social skills.

    Conclusion Providing students the opportunity to have contact with consumers with a mental illness in a safe, educational setting led to decreases in stigma, the fostering of empathy and self-reported behavior changes in practice. Sharing personal stories about mental illness is a powerful tool to decrease mental health stigma and may be an important aspect of a person's recovery from mental illness. Contact with mental health consumers in an educational setting is recommended, particularly for future health care professionals. Appropriate training and support of consumers is crucial to ensure the experience is positive for all involved.

  • Orit, T. B. A., & Shirley, B. S. (2016). Measuring Personal Growth of New Grandparents: A Practical Tool for Social Workers. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(6), 704-711.» 摘要
    Abstract: Two studies examined the validity of using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) to assess growth following the transition to grandparenthood as an aid for social workers seeking to promote strengths-based interventions for this population. In Study 1 (n = 210 grandparent/offspring pairs), first-time grandparents’ spontaneous answers to a qualitative open-ended question regarding changes following the birth of their first grandchild were compared to their responses to the PTGI. To corroborate these responses, the PTGI was also completed by the grandparent’s offspring. Additionally, the study examined the applicability of the five-factor structure of the PTGI to the population of first-time grandparents. In Study 2 (n = 202 couples), grandparents’ PTGI responses were compared with reports of their growth furnished by their spouses. The PTGI can indeed be considered an effective instrument for measuring growth following the transition to grandparenthood and may therefore be used in designing strengths-based social work practices.
  • Ozer, E.J., Schotland, M.(2011). Psychological Empowerment Among Urban Youth: Measure Development and Relationship to Psychosocial Functioning.Health Education & Behavior, 38(4), 348-356.» 摘要
    Abstract: Although there are an increasing number of youth development programs that aim to empower young people, there is a dearth of psychometrically sound measures that can be used to assess flexible youth-led organizing and participatory research approaches that tackle a wide range of social and community problems. This study developed and tested measures of psychological empowerment (PE) and self-efficacy for research and action among a sample of 439 ethnically diverse adolescents primarily recruited from public high schools in an urban center. Items for the PE measure were generated through an iterative combination of conducting formative research with our target population while also drawing on existing theory and measures in the field. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis of the PE measure, testing four factors: adolescents' motivation to influence their school and community settings; participatory behavior; sociopolitical skills; and perceived control. Psychometric analyses for the PE scales and their correlation with adolescents' report of self-esteem, academic achievement, caring relationships with adults at school, and social support from peers are reported; the implications of the present study for research and practice in the youth development and adolescent psychology field are considered.
  • Padesky, C. A. & Mooney, K. A.(2012). Strengths-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: A Four-Step Model to Build Resilience. Clinical Psychology& Psychotherapy, 19(4), 283-290. » 摘要
    Abstract:Padesky and Mooney's four-step Strengths-Based cognitivebehavioural therapy (CBT) model is designed to help clients build positive qualities. This article shows how it can be used to build and strengthen personal resilience. A structured search for client strengths is central to the approach, and methods designed to bring hidden strengths into client awareness are demonstrated through therapistclient dialogues. Development of positive qualities requires a shift in therapy perspective and different therapy methods from those employed when therapy is designed to ameliorate distress. Required adjustments to classic CBT are highlighted with specific recommendations for clinical modifications designed to support client development of resilience such as a focus on current strengths, the constructive use of imagery and client-generated metaphors. Although the focus of this article is on resilience, this Strengths-Based CBT model offers a template that also can be used to develop other positive human qualities. Copyright (C) 2012 Christine A. Padesky
  • Peterson, N.A., Peterson, C.H., Agre, L., Christens, B.D., Morton, C.M.(2011).Measuring Youth Empowerment: Validation of A Sociopolitical Contral Scale for Youth in An Urban Community Context. Journal of Community Psychology ,39(5),592-605.» 摘要
    Abstract: Sociopolitical control (SPC) is generally considered to be a vital element of the intrapersonal component of psychological empowerment, despite contradictory findings concerning the dimensionality of the construct when applied to a youth population. This study tested the Sociopolitical Control Scale for Youth (SPCS-Y), which was designed to represent the two hypothesized dimensions of leadership competence and policy control, using data from a sample of urban youth (n = 865) located in the northeastern United States. Results indicated that the hypothesized 2-factor model provided an adequate model-to-data fit, and that this model was a significantly better fit to the data than the 1-factor model. Further analysis showed that SPC profile groups differed significantly on measures of community and school participation, neighborhood attachment, perceived school importance, and drug use. Findings provide empirical support for the validity of the SPCS-Y and its underlying bidimensional model of SPC. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.
  • Pines E.W., Rauschhuber M.L., Norgan G.H., Cook J.D., Canchola L., Richardson C.& Jones M.E. (2012).Stress resiliency, psychological empowerment and conflict management styles among baccalaureate nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 68(7), 1482-1493.» 摘要
    Abstract:

    AIMS:
    This article is a report of a Neuman Systems Model-guided correlational study of the relations of stress resiliency, psychological empowerment, selected demographic characteristics (age, ethnicity, semester in school) and conflict management styles.
    BACKGROUND:
    Emerging evidence suggests that stress resiliency and psychological empowerment can strengthen student nurses in academic achievement and coping with stress. Little is known about conflict management styles of students and the relationship to empowerment, resiliency and the implications for managing workplace conflict.
    METHODS:
    A correlational study was conducted in Spring 2010 with 166 baccalaureate students. Most participants were female, single, Hispanic and 25 years old. The data collection instruments included the Stress Resiliency Profile, the Psychological Empowerment Instrument, the Conflict Mode Instrument and a demographic inventory. Descriptive and inferential correlational statistics were used to analyse the data.
    RESULTS:
    Students scored in the high range for focusing on their deficiencies in conflict situations; they scored above the 60th percentile for avoiding and accommodating behaviours and were less likely to use competing or collaborating strategies to manage conflict. Empowerment scores were significantly correlated with stress resiliency scores. Students with high scores on empowerment had high scores on the skill recognition subscale of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting more resilience; high scores on empowerment were related to high necessitating subscale scores of the Stress Resiliency Profile suggesting a predisposition to stress.
    CONCLUSIONS:
    Neuman Systems Model may provide guidance for educators to strengthen student nurses' management of stressors in the workplace.

  • Porcelli, P., Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L., Trepanier, N. (2014). (Micro)mobility, disability and resilience: exploring well-being among youth with physical disabilities. Disability & Society, 29(6), 863-876.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper explores the daily (micro) mobilities that youth with a visual or auditory impairment use to sustain well-being. Geographical research suggests that mobility is a universal phenomenon referred to the capacity to navigate one's way through different spaces and places. Using a qualitative cross-cultural, visual methods approach to research with vulnerable youth, including four participants with visual or auditory impairments, we demonstrate that everyday patterns of (micro) mobilities through the youth's home, school and community help disabled youth create pathways to resilience. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to services that promote resilience against ableist beliefs.
  • Powley, E.H. (2009). Reclaiming resilience and safety: Resilience activation in the critical period of crisis. Human Relations, 62(9), 1289-1326.» 摘要
    Abstract: When external events disrupt the normal flow of organizational and relational routines and practices, an organization's latent capacity to rebound activates to enable positive adaptation and bounce back. This article examines an unexpected organizational crisis (a shooting and standoff in a business school) and presents a model for how resilience becomes activated in such situations. Three social mechanisms describe resilience activation. Liminal suspension describes how crisis temporarily undoes and alters formal relational structures and opens a temporal space for organization members to form and renew relationships. Compassionate witnessing describes how organization members' interpersonal connections and opportunities for engagement respond to individuals' needs. And relational redundancy describes how organization members' social capital and connections across organizational and functional boundaries activate relational networks that enable resilience. Narrative accounts from the incident support the induced model.
  • Pradhan, S.K., Dutta, G.(2008). Empowerment of Women in India through Panchayati Raj System. Indian Journal of Social Work, 69(4), 559-577.»摘要
    Abstract: In India, a silent revolution has taken place in rural areas where people are becoming conscious of their rights. One-and-a-half decades after the introduction of the panchayati raj system at the grassroots level, it is now appropriate to take stock of the situation of women participation and empowerment in India. Generally, there have been contrasting responses to this phenomenon. One, an overwhelming reaction to the entry of women in panchayats, which many term as superficial, as most women are token heads, harassed in public sphere and hijacked by their male relatives; and the other, a positive response to their involvement and participation.
  • Prince-Embury, S.（2009）The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents as Related to Parent Education Level and Race/Ethnicity in Children. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24（2）, 167-183.»摘譯
    The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents as Related to Parent Education Level and Race/Ethnicity in Children
    本研究利用兒童和青少年復原量表（Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents）(RSCA; Prince-Embury, 2007) 來探索雙親教育程度、種族／族群和個人復原力之間的關聯，常模樣本來源為9到14歲的450個兒童，其人口分層與美國2003年普查相符。RSCA以自我掌控感、相互關係感和情緒反應的核心發展建構來定義個人復原力(Prince-[Embury], 2007)。本研究的第一個目的為探索個人復原力的哪個面向可能與人口變項相關，像是雙親教育程度和種族／族群。第二個目的為藉由將測量工具用於檢視不同人口變項的兒童群體來驗證RSCA量表的有效性。
  • Raider-Roth, M., Stieha, V. & Hensley, B. (2012). Rupture and repair: Episodes of resistance and resilience in teachers' learning. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(4), 493-502.» 摘要
    Abstract:This action inquiry article examines veteran teachers' learning in a week-long professional development seminar. We describe moments of disconnection in key learning relationships (teacher, learner, text) and analyze relational-cultural dynamics that contributed to the disconnections. We investigate the dynamics that facilitate repair within the relationships. We argue that disconnections were often acts of resistance which preserve teachers' sense of self as learner. We aver that moments of reconnection were acts of resilience. This study's significance demonstrates the inherent links between resistance and resilience. Implications point to the centrality of taking an inquiry stance in the study of professional development experiences.
  • Reed, S. J., & Miller, R. L. (2016). Thriving and adapting: resilience, sense of community, and syndemics among young Black gay and bisexual men. American journal of community psychology, 57(1-2), 129-143.» 摘要
    Abstract: We examined resilience associated with the avoidance of psychosocial health conditions (i.e., syndemics) that increase vulnerability for HIV among young Black gay and bisexual men. We used analytic induction to compare a sample of 23 men who showed no evidence of syndemic conditions to a sample of 23 men who experienced syndemic conditions. The men who avoided syndemics reported supportive relationships with people who helped them to develop a strong sense of identity, provided them with opportunities to give back to their communities, and promoted positive norms about health. In contrast, the men experiencing syndemic conditions described numerous instances of trauma and oppression that infringed upon their desire to form positive relationships. Among these men, experiences of oppression were associated with shame, identity incongruence, social isolation, relational disconnection, mistrust of men, and expectations of further marginalization. We examined participants’ experiences through the framework of the psychosocial sense of community. Results of this study provide evidence for using strength-based intervention strategies to prevent syndemic conditions. Findings suggest that to attenuate socio-structural barriers to health and comorbid psychosocial health concerns, interventions must address young men's social isolation and promote positive identity and sense of community.
  • Resnick, B. (2014). Resilience in Older Adults. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 30(3), 155-163.» 摘要
    Abstract:Resilience is conceptualized as a global term that refers to a process by which people bounce back from adversity and reintegrate and ideally grow from the experience. Resilience develops and changes over time through ongoing experiences. There are several different types of resilience including general health resilience, psychological resilience, emotional resilience, dispositional resilience, and physical resilience. There are also numerous ways in which to measure and evaluate resilience. Resilience is not static, and interventions can be implemented to help older adults strengthen their resilience and thereby improve outcomes following challenging events.
  • Ro, H., Chen, P.J. (2011).Empowerment in hospitality organizations: Customer orientation and organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(2), 422-428. » 摘要
    Abstract: Although empowering employees has often been prescribed as an efficient strategy for hospitality organizations, the strategy alone cannot ensure success. Individual and organizational factors should be considered to increase employees' perception of empowerment. This study examines the impact of employees' customer orientation and organizational factors on the employee empowerment perceptions. Our findings, based on a survey of 203 guest contact employees, suggest that organizations should hire customer oriented people, guide them with service training, provide a reward system, and facilitate service standards communication in order to increase perceived empowerment. Implications of these findings for hospitality service managers are discussed.
  • Rodriguez, J., Olin, S.S., Hoagwood, K.E., Shen, S., Burton, G., Radigan, M., Jensen, P.S. (2011). The Development and Evaluation of a Parent Empowerment Program for Family Peer Advocates. Journal of Child and Family Studies. 20(4), 397-405.» 摘要
    Abstract:Family-to-family services are emerging as an important adjunctive service to traditional mental health care and a vehicle for improving parent engagement and service use in children's mental health services. In New York State, a growing workforce of Family Peer Advocates (FPA) is delivering family-to-family services. We describe the development and evaluation of a professional program to enhance Family Peer Advocate professional skills, called the Parent Engagement and Empowerment Program (PEP). We detail the history and content of PEP and provide data from a pre/post and 6-month follow up evaluation of 58 FPA who participated in the first Statewide regional training effort. Self-efficacy, empowerment, and skills development were assessed at 3 time points: baseline, post-training, and 6-month follow-up. The largest changes were in self-efficacy and empowerment. Regional differences suggest differences in Family Peer Advocate workforce across areas of the state. This evaluation also provides the first systematic documentation of Family Peer Advocate activities over a six-month period. Consistent with peer specialists within the adult health care field, FPA in the children's mental health field primarily focused on providing emotional support and service access issues. Implications for expanding family-to-family services and integrating it more broadly into provider organizations are described.
  • Rohatinsky, N., Goodridge, D., Rogers, M. R., Nickel, D., & Linassi, G. (2017). Shifting the balance: conceptualising empowerment in individuals with spinal cord injury. Health & social care in the community, 25(2), 769-779.» 摘要
    Abstract: Empowerment is believed to be an essential element in self-management of disease and the promotion of self-efficacy, and can be defined as the ability of individuals to increase control over aspects of their lives. In contrast, powerlessness in individuals with chronic illness can occur when they perceive that they lack the capacity, authority or resources to affect an outcome. Individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) are at risk for powerlessness and have the potential to become empowered, but these concepts have not been explored within their context. The purpose of this study was to explore how individuals with SCI enact the empowerment process using Lord's (1991) process of empowerment framework. This study used a secondary analysis of a data set obtained from a mixed methods study exploring access to health and social care for 23 persons with SCI in Saskatchewan, Canada. The primary study data were collected from September 2012 to January 2013. The secondary analysis of data utilised a deductive thematic analysis approach and findings were conceptualised and applied to a model that represents the shift in balance between powerlessness and empowerment in individuals with SCI.
  • Roose, R., Roets, G., & Schiettecat, T. (2014). Implementing a strengths perspective in child welfare and protection: A challenge not to be taken lightly. European Journal of Social Work, 17(1), 3-17.» 摘要
    Abstract:Although it can be observed that the popularity of a strengths perspective in social work is increasing, social work researchers have articulated the necessity to gain empirical knowledge about actual social work practice that claims a strengths perspective. We explore the findings of recent research into a strengths-oriented pilot project in the field of child welfare and protection in Flanders (the Flemish speaking part of Belgium), in which we examined whether the strengths-oriented discourse in social work actually took place in the relationship between social workers and families in practice. The research reveals an ambiguous picture of the ways in which the strengths perspective can be implemented in practice, because social workers walk a tightrope between responsibilizing and governing families. We argue that the implementation process needs a conceptual and theoretical foundation that goes beyond mere eclecticism. We also argue that this demands a broadening of the focus of strengths-oriented social work from a relational to a political level, as this strengths-oriented social work practice remains situated within the broader social, economic, and political context.
  • Roy, A., & Manley, J. (2017). Recovery and movement: Allegory and ‘journey’as a means of exploring recovery from substance misuse. Journal of Social Work Practice, 31(2), 191-204.» 摘要
    Abstract: The paper explores the quality of the affective and embodied experiences of a group of people in recovery from substance misuse as part of their involvement with dance and movement workshops provided by the Fallen Angels Dance Theatre. In the research we used the visual matrix method alongside individual- and group-based movement sessions so as to explore associations and affect emerging from the visual matrix. We question the frequently used metaphor of the ‘journey’ in recovery and suggest ‘allegory’ to be more apt. The linearity implied in journey contrasts with movements – both inner and outer – that are ‘nomadic’, ‘wayfaring’ and ‘rhizomatic’, focussed on affect and experience rather than targets and outcomes. We conclude that people working in the field of recovery and other areas of social work may wish to reconsider the value of embodiment in movement, relationship and affect when working with the experience of vulnerable people.
  • Ruch, W., Proyer, R.T., Weber, M. (2010). Humor as a character strength among the elderly Empirical findings on age-related changes and its contribution to satisfaction with life. Zeitschrift Fur Gerontologie Und Geriatrie, 43 (1): 13-18.» 摘要
    Abstract: Positive psychology studies what is best in people. In their classification of strengths and virtues, Peterson and Seligman [11] assign humor to the virtue of transcendence. Thus far, there is no specific study that deals with age-related changes in humor (as a strength of character) across a lifespan and its relation to well-being in the elderly.
    A total of n=42,964 participants completed an online questionnaire on humor as a strength of character. Participants also completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Orientations to Happiness Scale.
    In a cross-sectional design, the scores for humor decreased until the age of 50. Men between 51 and 62 years had higher scores; there was a trend for women older than 70 to score higher (but this was not statistically significant). Humor was robustly positively correlated with life satisfaction, as well with a pleasurable and an engaged life, but was lowest with a meaningful life. The oldest participants had the lowest (yet still meaningful) correlation coefficients (with the exception of a meaningful life).
    The study contributes to the understanding of humor across the lifespan and underlines the importance of studies among the elderly within a framework of positive psychology.
  • Salyers, M.P., Stull, L.G., Rollins, A.L., Hopper, K.(2011).The Work of Recovery on Two Assertive Community Treatment Teams. Adminstration And Policy in Mental Health And Mental Health Services Research, 38(3),169-180.» 摘要
    Abstract: The compatibility of recovery work with the Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) model has been debated; and little is known about how to best measure the work of recovery. Two ACT teams with high and low recovery orientation were identified by expert consensus and compared on a number of dimensions. Using an interpretive, qualitative approach to analyze interview and observation data, teams differed in the extent to which the environment, team structure, staff attitudes, and processes of working with consumers supported principles of recovery orientation. We present a model of recovery work and discuss implications for research and practice.
  • Sardenberg, C.M.B. (2010). Family, Households and Women's Empowerment in Bahia, Brazil, Through the Generations: Continuities or Change? Ids Bulletin-Institute of Development Studies, 41 (2): 88-96.» 摘要
    Abstract: This article identifies changes and continuities in gender relations in a working class neighbourhood in Salvador, Bahia, through the generations. Based on data collected over a period of nearly 20 years, it seeks to identify processes of women's empowerment. It confirms the relevance of women's economic independence to their participation in decision-making and in gaining autonomy; it gave them the power to assert control over their own lives. To this end, female solidarity has also played a special role, propitiating the exercise of power with to bring about the desired changes in one's lives. However, neither economic independence nor female solidarity alone seems to have automatically led to conscious 'gender rebellion' and a break with traditional roles in the family. This only becomes possible when new values and attitudes in favour of alternative models, such as those proposed by contemporary feminisms, gain greater expression.
  • Satre, A. M. (2014). Paid and unpaid social work in Russia: Is women's social work opening up opportunities for empowerment processes? International Social Work , 57 (5): 523-534.» 摘要
    Abstract: The article analyses whether social work in Russia can have an empowering effect on the poor, given the survival of hierarchical structure of organizations and women's responsibility for social welfare. Although state policies promote charity rather than empowerment, this study also discusses to what extent women's paid and unpaid work could stimulate processes of empowerment through supportive measures that open up possibilities for the poor to engage in changing their own situation. The empirical data are based on interviews with social work specialists, NGO representatives and local politicians in two Russian regions.
  • Scales, P.C., Benson, P.L., Roehlkepartain, E.C.(2011).Adolescent Thriving: The Role of Sparks, Relationships, and Empowerment. Journal of Youth And Adolescence, 40(3), 263-277.» 摘要
    Abstract: Although most social science research on adolescence emphasizes risks and challenges, an emergent field of study focuses on adolescent thriving. The current study extends this line of inquiry by examining the additive power of identifying and nurturing young people's "sparks," giving them "voice," and providing the relationships and opportunities that reinforce and nourish thriving. A national sample of 1,817 adolescents, all age 15 (49% female), and including 56% white, 17% Hispanic/Latino, and 17% African-American adolescents, completed an online survey that investigated their deep passions or interests (their "sparks"), the opportunities and relationships they have to support pursuing those sparks, and how empowered they feel to make civic contributions (their "voice"). Results consistently supported the hypothesis that linking one's spark with a sense of voice and supportive opportunities and relationships strengthens concurrent outcomes, particularly those reflecting prosociality, during a key developmental transition period. The three developmental strengths also predicted most outcomes to a greater degree than did demographics. However, less than 10 percent of 15-year-olds reported experiencing high levels of all three strengths. The results demonstrate the value of focusing on thriving in adolescence, both to reframe our understanding of this age group and to highlight the urgency of providing adolescents the opportunities and relationships they need to thrive.
  • Scannell, L., Cox, R. S., & Fletcher, S. (2017). Place‐based loss and resilience among disaster‐affected youth. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(7), 859-876.» 摘要
    Abstract:  As research on young people's disaster experiences is accumulating, one important yet understudied factor underlying their vulnerability and resilience is their connection to certain places. Youth affected by the 2013 floods in Southern Alberta, Canada, provided photographs of places important to their flood experiences and engaged in peer-to-peer interviews to discuss place loss and place-based strength. Damaged or changed places disrupted youth's reliance on place for activities, resources, social ties, sense of continuity, and a connection to the past. Places provided strength when they offered escape from the postdisaster chaos, enabled youth to contribute to recovery, supported physical and psychological need satisfaction, and symbolized strength, renewal, or hope. These findings demonstrate the relevance of place to youth's disaster experiences and inform future qualitative and quantitative work in this area.
  • Schofield, G., Larsson, B., & Ward, E. (2017). Risk, resilience and identity construction in the life narratives of young people leaving residential care. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 782-791.» 摘要
    Abstract: The role of residential care for children has developed very differently internationally, but in all cultural contexts, there are questions about the extent to which it can help young people recover from high risk backgrounds. In the UK, residential care has come to be seen as the placement of last resort, yet new government guidance on permanence has suggested that residential care can provide security and a sense of belonging. Narrative analysis of interviews with 20 care leavers identified their different pathways from birth families through residential care to early adulthood. Some experienced a transformation from a negative sense of self as victims or ‘bad children’ to survivors, while others continued to struggle. Key to successful turning points were four interacting factors, all associated with resilience; connection, agency, activity and coherence. These narratives revealed the importance of nurturing relationships and a sense of ‘family’, and also the role of support after leaving residential care, when transitions workers helped them to move on but stay connected. The study highlighted how residential care leavers from adverse backgrounds attribute very different meanings to their experiences, which affects identity construction, resilience and the need for support.
  • Schuler, S.R., Rottach, E. (2010). Women's Empowerment across Generations in Bangladesh. Journal of Development Studies, 46 (3): 379-396.» 摘要
    Abstract:  This study uses qualitative data to examine young women's relationships with their mothers and mothers-in-law to understand how these relationships foster empowerment in the younger generation or fail to do so. The data consist of ethnographic interviews with 20 triads of women - young married women, their mothers and their mothers-in-law. Findings show that the influence of empowerment across generations was greater in the sphere of economic empowerment and education than in relation to marriage and childbearing. The study illustrates how patriarchal institutions resistant to change can limit the effects of women's empowerment on the next generation.
  • Schwarz, U.V.(2011).Inability to Withdraw from Work as Related to Poor Next-Day Recovery and Fatigue among Women. Applied Psychology-An International Review-Psychologie Appliquee-Revue Internationale, 60(3), 377-396.» 摘要
    Abstract: Recovery from work stress is crucial in avoiding stress-related ill-health. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether processes that prolong the mental exposure to work stressors, such as inability to withdraw from work (IW), the core construct in overcommitment, predicts fatigue and poor next-dayrecovery 6 months later over what is predicted by job control and job demands. Self-ratings in questionnaires were completed by 160 women working in dental care at two time points, 6 months apart. Job demands, job control, and IW were used to predict fatigue and poor next-day recovery, respectively. Multiple regression analyses show that having children living at home, high job demands, and high IW were associated with fatigue 6 months later. Job demands and IW, but not having children at home, predicted poor next-day recovery. Mediation analyses using a bootstrapping procedure indicated that IW partly mediated the relationship between job demands and fatigue and between job demands and next-day recovery. These findings highlight the importance of considering IW in relation to fatigue andrecovery from work and that such factors should be included in interventions targeting work-related stress.
  • Scott, A., Doughty, C.(2012).Care, empowerment and self-determination in the practice of peer support. Disability & Society, 27(7), 1011-1024.» 摘要
    Abstract: The concept of 'care' has been fraught with negative connotations within the disability movement; the concepts of empowerment, choice and control have been developed as alternatives. The peer-support movement in the mental health sector draws from this tradition, and is uncomfortable with the provision of care. Drawing on the feminist ethic of care, we will argue in this paper that 'care' in the sense of caring about, rather than caring for - should be seen as fundamental within peer support. The practice of peer support evidences a kind of 'care' that does involve some interdependence, and taking of 'responsibility'. The challenge is to make this a 'responsibility towards', rather than a 'responsibility for'. If this is successfully achieved, care can indeed become acknowledged as part of 'standard peer support', and the basis for the development of autonomy and self-determination.
  • Seebohm, P; Chaudhary, S; Boyce, M; Elkan, R; Avis, M; Munn-Giddings, C.(2013).The contribution of self-help/mutual aid groups to mental well-being. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, 21(4), 391-401.» 摘要
    Abstract: This article explores the contribution of self-help/mutual aid groups to mental well-being. Self-help/mutual aid groups are self-organising groups where people come together to address a shared a health or social issue through mutual support. They are associated with a range of health and social benefits, but remain poorly understood. This article draws on data from stage one of ESTEEM, a project which runs from 2010 to 2013. Stage one ran from 2010 to 2011 and involved participatory, qualitative research carried out in two UK sites. Twenty-one groups were purposively selected to include a range of focal issues, longevity, structures and ethnic backgrounds. Researchers carried out 21 interviews with group coordinators and twenty group discussions with members to explore the groups' purpose, nature and development. Preliminary analysis of the data suggested that mental well-being was a common theme across the groups. Subsequently the data were re-analysed to explore the groups' contribution to mental well-being using a checklist of protective factors for mental well-being as a coding framework. The findings showed that groups made a strong contribution to members' mental well-being by enhancing a sense of control, increasing resilience and facilitating participation. Group members were uplifted by exchanging emotional and practical support; they gained self-esteem, knowledge and confidence, thereby increasing their control over their situation. For some groups, socio-economic factors limited their scope and threatened their future. The article provides an evidence-base which illustrates how self-help/mutual aid groups can enhance mental well-being. If supported within a strategy for social justice, these groups enable people with varied concerns to develop a tailored response to their specific needs. The authors suggest that policy-makers engage with local people, investing in support proportionate to the needs of different populations, enabling them to develop their own self-help/mutual aid groups to enhance their sense of mental well-being.
  • Seema Mehrotra & Prathima Sukumar(2007). Sources of strength perceived by females caring for relativesdiagnosed with cancer：an exploratory study from India. Supportive Care in Cancer, 15(12), 1357–1366.» 摘譯
    • Sources of strength perceived by females caring for relativesdiagnosed with cancer：an exploratory study from India. Supportive Care in Cancer
    研究目標 本研究的目的為從印度婦女照顧罹患癌症親屬的角度出發，探討在照顧的過程中優勢的來源。此外，它旨在探討自我陳述的正向時刻的發生,以及在照顧過程中個人所經驗的改變。
    研究方法 二十位女性照顧者參與兩到四個訪問階段，照顧者的平均年齡是40歲左右，多數的受訪照顧者的身份是配偶和子女。
    研究結果  宗教信仰和實踐,以及從”價值”的角度來看的照顧者的正向經驗，是受訪者最常提到的內在優勢來源。宗教信仰和實踐與提供照顧需求的正面感知,以及所經驗的”希望”有關聯性。參與者還描述了幾個來自人際關係間的優勢，例如，家庭，醫療人員，和受顧者本身。由參與者的自述中顯示了正向時刻的產生，以及在照顧過程中正向的個人改變的認知。
    結論 研究結果對於照顧的正向觀點有更進一步的研究，以及發展可能幫助照顧者維持和加強他們的意志力之組成干預要素。
  • Shahar , G. (2012). A Social-Clinical Psychological Statement on Resilience： Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(6), 535-541.» 摘要
    Abstract:Psychological resilience is a relatively young field of empirical inquiry that is currently drawing increasing attention on the part of investigators, theoreticians, and clinicians. It raises questions regarding why some people succumb to life circumstances-acute or chronic-while others survive, and even thrive, under dire circumstances; whether the ability to transcend human stress is an individual quality or the product of benevolent environmental conditions; whether it is a transient or stable trait; and what are the relationships between resilience and risk/vulnerability. This special issue addresses these issues via contributions from authors from diverse backgrounds whose work reflects a variety of research interests and methods. At the basis of all the papers lies a social-clinical psychological perspective which stresses the centrality of person-context exchanges in the stress process.
  • Shahar G., Elad-Strenger J. & Henrich C. C.(2012). Risky Resilience and Resilience: The Key Role of Intention in an Emercing Dialectics. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 31(6),618-640.» 摘要
    Abstract:Drawing from both clinical experience and the risk/resilience research, we posit that many psychosocial factors actually embed elements of both. Underlying this risky-resilience and resilient-risk dialectics are two methodological conditions-statistical suppression and complex moderation. Focusing on a host of psychosocial factors (e. g., dependency, self-concept, social support, positive life events, coping strategies), we illustrate the dialectics and theorize that it is related to individuals' intentionality, particularly their need to project one's self into the future and to use available resources for the purpose of realizing possible selves.
  • Shearer, N.B.C., Fleury, J., Ward, K.A., O'Brien, A.M.(2012). Empowerment Interventions for Older Adults. Western Journal of Nursing Research. 34(1), 24-51.» 摘要
    Abstract:There has been much discussion regarding the need to empower older adults to make informed health decisions and to test interventions targeting empowerment to promote health among older adults. It has been suggested that an empowerment approach may nurture an older adult's participation in health care decisions and promote positive health outcomes. The purpose of this article is to report the findings of a critical review of published empowerment intervention studies with community-dwelling older adults. A descriptive literature review was conducted to examine how empowerment is conceptualized across interventions, the guiding theoretical frameworks, the outcomes measured, as well as the health outcomes of these interventions. Based on the findings from this review, recommendations for future empowerment intervention research with older adults as well as implications for practice are proposed.
  • Shiner, R. L. & Masten, A. S. (2012).Childhood personality as a harbinger of competence and resilience in adulthood. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 507-528.» 摘要
    Abstract: This study examined the significance of childhood Big Five personality traits for competence and resilience in early adulthood. Resilience was defined in terms of adaptive success in age-salient developmental tasks despite significant adversity throughout childhood/adolescence. The Project Competence Longitudinal Study tracked 205 young people from childhood (around age 10) to emerging adulthood (EA, age 20) and young adulthood (YA, age 30; 90% retention). Multimethod composites were created for personality traits, adversity exposure, and adult outcomes of academic achievement, work, rule-abiding conduct, friendship, and romantic relationships. Regressions showed significant main effects of childhood personality predicting adult outcomes, controlling for adversity, with few interaction effects. In person-focused analyses, the resilient group in EA and YA (high competence, high adversity) showed higher childhood conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness and lower neuroticism than the maladaptive group (low competence, high adversity). The competent (high competence, low adversity) and resilient groups showed similar childhood traits. Turnaround cases, who changed from the maladaptive group in EA to the resilient group in YA, exhibited higher childhood conscientiousness than persistently maladaptive peers. Findings suggest that children on pathways to success in adulthood, whether facing low or high adversity, have capacities for emotion regulation, empathy and connection, dedication to schoolwork, and mastery and exploration.
  • Siltaloppi, M., Kinnunen,U., Tolvanen, A., & Feldt, T.(2012). Development of need for recovery from work over one year: a person-centered approach. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING, 25(1), 23-42.» 摘要
    Abstract:This longitudinal questionnaire study conducted among 274 Finnish employees (57% women, average age 45.9 years) in a variety of jobs aimed at identifying groups of employees who share similar mean levels and changes in need for recovery and finding out whether factors regarded as antecedents of need for recovery distinguish between the different groups of need for recovery across one year. Using mixture modeling eight groups of need for recovery were identified. The individuals identified as closely resembling each other with respect to need for recovery and its change across one year were considered to belong to the same need for recovery group. Five of these groups indicated stable (low, moderately low, average, moderately high, and high) need for recovery and three showed change (mostly decreasing) in the level of need for recovery across one year. Employees in the favorable (low and moderately low) need for recovery groups (38%) reported to have more favorable work characteristics and better functioning recovery experiences and they spent more time on physical and social off-job activities than those in the unfavorable (high and moderately high) groups (23%). Thus, the antecedents examined play a significant role in maintaining need for recovery over time.
  • Smith, S.T., Smith, K.D., Peang-Meth, A .(2010). University-based services for asylum seekers on Guam: Empowerment, culture learning and community. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34 (2): 150-162.» 摘要
    Abstract: Theoretical frameworks addressing social support, community building, and the affective, behavioral and cognitive factors in coping with acculturative stress, guide an analysis of two interventions by University of Guam faculty, in support of Kurdish and Burmese asylum seekers on Guam. The article provides insights concerning the potential contributions of non-refugee specialist university faculty to services for refugees: persons in the most stressful of cross-cultural transitions. The authors discuss the ways in which both findings from traditional acculturation studies, and needs assessment studies of Kurdish and Burmese asylum seekers, guided intervention services rendered to both groups.
  • Ssewamala, F.M., Ismayilova, L., Mckay, M., Sperber, E., Bannon, W., Alicea, S. (2010). Gender and the Effects of an Economic Empowerment Program on Attitudes Toward Sexual Risk-Taking Among AIDS-Orphaned Adolescent Youth in Uganda. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46 (4): 372-378.» 摘要
    Abstract: Purpose: This article examines gender differences in attitudes toward sexual risk-taking behaviors of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-orphaned youth participating in a randomized control trial testing an economic empowerment intervention in rural Uganda.
    Methods: Adolescents (average age 13.7 years) who had lost one or both parents to AIDS from 15 comparable schools were randomly assigned to either an experimental (n = 135) or a control condition (n = 142). Adolescents in the experimental condition, in addition to usual care, also received support and incentives to save money toward secondary education.
    Results: Findings indicate that although adolescent boys and girls within the experimental condition saved comparable amounts, the intervention appears to have benefited girls, in regard to the attitudes toward sexual risk-taking behavior, in a different way and to a lesser extent than boys.
    Conclusions: Future research should investigate the possibility that adolescent girls might be able to develop equally large improvements in protective attitudes toward sexual risk taking through additional components that address gendered social norms.
  • Stang, I., Mittelmark, M.B.(2009). Learning as an empowerment process in breast cancer self-help groups. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(14), 2049-2057.» 摘要
    Abstract: This intervention study aimed to promote and examine empowerment processes in women recovering from breast cancer and participating in self-help groups.
    Feelings of powerlessness may follow from being diagnosed and treated for breast cancer. In theory, self-help groups may stimulate empowerment, which stands in contrast to powerlessness, by increasing the participants' sense of control. Professional assistance may contribute positively, by assuring that the issue of empowerment is addressed.
    The study had an intervention design based on the ideas of empowerment and self-help. Three professionally led self-help groups were established. The groups ran sequentially and met weekly for approximately four months. Eighteen women in groups of 5-7 participated in self-help group discussions and also in focus group interviews, which provided the main study data. Each group was interviewed three times. Observation data provided a basis for comprehension of the groups' culture, relationships and processes.
    Learning appeared as one of three salient components in empowerment processes in the self-help groups. This learning component consists of four elements: consciousness-raising, acquisition of objective knowledge, learning from others' experiences and discovery of new perspectives in life and in oneself.
    The study shows that self-help groups focusing on empowerment issues made a valuable contribution to recovery and are strongly recommended by the participants.
    This study suggests that best practice, for those who manage self-help programmes of all types, may be to arrange for empowerment to be an explicit aspect of the intervention, guided by professionals with training in group facilitation and knowledgeable about the facilitation of empowerment in particular.
  • Steen, J. A., Buckey, J. W.(2014). American Social Work Student Attitudes Towards Foster Youth Empowerment . Child Abuse Review,23(6), 440-449. » 摘要
    Abstract:This study was conducted to provide child welfare researchers and social work educators with a better understanding of social work student attitudes towards foster youth empowerment, a practice whereby the adolescent and workers in the foster care system share power with one another. In order to identify correlates of support for foster youth empowerment, American students across all levels of the undergraduate and graduate programmes within one school of social work were surveyed. Results indicated that support for foster youth empowerment was stronger among students who received specialised training in child abuse and neglect. In conclusion, support for foster youth empowerment may be more strongly cultivated by population-specific material as opposed to the general social work curriculum. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGES A multiple regression model was constructed with the goal of identifying the variables that relate to social work student support for foster youth empowerment. In the multiple regression model, two variables, political party and training/ education in child abuse and neglect, were significantly related to the dependent variable. Based on this study, the general social work curriculum does not appear to have as much impact on attitudes towards foster youth empowerment as populationspecific material.
  • Strolin-Goltzman, J., Kollar, S., Shea, K., Walcott, C., & Ward, S. (2016). Building a landscape of resilience after workplace violence in public child welfare. Children and youth services review, 71, 250-256.» 摘要
    Abstract: Workplace violence in public child welfare is prevalent, however, little guidance is provided to support child welfare leaders in moving their organizations through organizational trauma when violence strikes. This paper aims to provide the field with a resource that will (a) provide a brief overview on the prevalence of workplace violence in child welfare, (b) describe prevention strategies, (c) suggest a framework for responding to violence and (d) apply this framework to a recent event in public child welfare. Implications for policy and practice guidance are included.
  • Susan, C., Meaghen, F., Elsa, M. K., Shannon, C., Lillian, W., Dawn, B., Matthew, B., Julie, D., Paul, H., Andrea, M., Wayne, S., (2005), The use of the arts and the strengths perspective: the example of a course assignment.Social Work Education , 24(1), 137-146.»摘譯
    The use of the arts and the strengths perspective: the example of a course assignment.
    此篇文章是一位社會工作教授與十位學生的合作，是在一所加拿大大學裡碩士層級的有關單身與夫妻的實務課程。優勢觀點是可以透過實務的觀點去檢視的，此篇文章詳細的描述了課堂上指派任務的結果，其要求了學生去調查相關人們在工作上的技術。這使學生們能夠在優勢實務取向的過程，有所學習與結合。這個課堂的任務將優勢觀點社會工作具體化在社工教育上，這對於社會工作教育是一個不可缺的部分。
  • Sulimani-Aidan, Y. (2016). Future expectations as a source of resilience among young people leaving care. The British Journal of Social Work, 47(4), 1111-1127.» 摘要
    Abstract: Young adults who leave care enter a crucial period in their lives in which they have to plan their future and make significant decisions regarding many aspects of their adult life (Arnett, 2000). During emerging adulthood, their expectations for the future are especially important and could influence their goal setting and motivation to accomplish those goals. However, little attention has been paid to the importance of future expectations of care leavers as a source of resilience. This paper aims to address the role of future expectations among young people leaving care in the context of resilience theory and emerging adulthood theory. It describes the challenges these youth face in transition to adulthood and the role that future expectations play during this period. Further, it reviews studies that examine the correlations between future expectations, resilience and outcomes, and focuses on two possible personal and environmental resources that can contribute to care leavers’ positive future expectations: optimism and social support. In addition, it articulates the possible links connecting future expectations with resilience. Finally, it suggests a unified approach that integrates both environmental and personal components for increasing future expectations and concludes with implications for practice and directions for future research.
  • Sullivan, WP., Floyd, DF.(2012).Spirit Lifting: Hope and Recovery in Case Management Practice. Families in Society-The Journal of Contemporary Social Services,94(1), 38-44. » 摘要
    Abstract:Case managers play an important role in the recovery process for consumers with severe mental illness. This study sought to capture the perspectives of case managers in two Midwestern states regarding the consumers they serve and their beliefs about the concept, process, and possibility of recovery from mental illness. Interviews from 50 mental health case managers were reviewed and rated on the basis of their perceived hopefulness about the prospects of recovery from mental illness. The study revealed that case managers hold divergent views on the definition and likelihood of recovery. The results suggest that practitioners may benefit from additional training and support to further develop their perspectives on recovery, which may also increase their hopefulness toward consumer outcomes.
  • Swanson J., Valiente C., Lemery-Chalfant K., O'Brien T.C.,(2011).Predicting Early Adolescents' Academic Achievement, Social Competence, and Physical Health From Parenting, EgoResilience, and Engagement Coping. Journal of Early Adolescence,31(4), 548-576. » 摘要
    Abstract: This study examined ego resilience and engagement coping as mediators of the relationships between supportive and controlling parenting practices and early adolescents' academic achievement, social competence, and physical health. Participants were 240 predominantly Mexican American early adolescents, their parents, and their teachers. There were significant positive correlations between supportive parenting and ego resilience and between ego resilience and achievement, social functioning, and health. Supportive parenting was also positively related to engagement coping, which in turn was positively related to achievement and health. Controlling parenting was significantly negatively related to ego resilience but not engagement coping. As hypothesized, ego resilience mediated relationships between supportive or controlling parenting and outcomes. Engagement coping mediated relationships between supportive parenting and academic achievement and supportive parenting and physical health. Findings support the roles of ego resilience and engagement coping in positive functioning across fundamental domains of development.
  • Szymanski, D. M., Feltman, C. E. (2014). Experiencing and Coping with Sexually Objectifying Treatment: Internalization and Resilience. Sex Roles,71(3-4), 159-170. » 摘要
    Abstract:The purpose of this study was to extend Fredrickson and Robert's (1997) Objectification Theory by examining coping with sexually oppressive experiences via internalization/self-blame as another important way, in addition to self-objectification and internalization of cultural standards of beauty, to possibly explain how sexual objectification experiences (SOEs) influence psychological distress. An additional purpose of this study was to examine the potential moderating or buffering role of resilience in the links between SOEs and psychological distress and between SOEs and coping with these experiences via internalization, self-objectification, and internalization of cultural standards of beauty. Our sample included 270 young adult heterosexual undergraduate women from the Southeast region of the United States who completed an online survey. Results revealed that both coping with sexist oppression via internalization and self-objectification uniquely mediated the SOEs-psychological distress link but internalization of cultural standards of beauty did not. Results from the moderation analyses indicated that the direct effect of SOEs and coping with via internalization and the conditional indirect effects of SOEs on psychological distress were contingent on resilience such that these relationships were only significant among women with low resilience or at the mean of resilience, suggesting that high resilience plays a buffering role whereas low resilience plays an exacerbating role.
  • Taggart, L.(2012). An exploration of the resilience of ageing family caregivers of older people with intellectual disabilities living at home. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 56(7-8), 664-664.  » 摘要
    Abstract:

    Introduction: As the majority of older adults with an ID remain living in the family home, this imposes challenges on family carers, who are also ageing and have support needs of their own, and on service provision.
    Aim: This study explored the resilience of ageing family carers caring for an older person with an ID living at home.
    Methodology: A qualitative approach was employed. Eighteen one-to-one interviews were undertaken with ageing carers. The qualitative data was analysed using thematic content analysis.
    Results: Findings revealed carers’ physical and mental health and the supports available to them impacted on their resilience to the continuity of their relatives care within the home. Caring had positive and negative health and social outcomes for older carers, namely satisfactions and rewards, stress, diminished physical health and social networks.

    Conclusion: Services will need to evolve focusing on providing information on future planning, offering education and training as well as emotional and instrumental support to families in order to build upon their existing strengths and to empower family carers within their own social context as a form of prevention, maintenance and also crisis management.
  • Tchombe, M. S. T., Shumba A., Lo-oh, J. L., Gakuba, T., Zinkeng, M.& Teku, T. T.(2012). Psychological undertones of family poverty in rural communities in Cameroon: resilience and coping strategies. South African Journal of Psychology, 42(2), 232-242.» 摘要
    Abstract:The objectives of this exploratory study were to investigate (a) the effects of poverty, and (b) family resilience strategies used in managing poverty among the Bakweri of Bonavada villages in Cameroon. Fifty heads of families comprising 250 persons constituted the participants of the study. Ten of the family heads who are opinion leaders were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide and ten participated in a focus group discussion. In addition, an unstructured interview was used to collect data from 40 heads of families. Data were analysed using content analysis and descriptively using percentages. The study found that the effects of family poverty are multifaceted, and families depend largely on resilience and their socio-cultural context to cope with poverty.
  • Toomey, A.H.(2011).Empowerment and disempowerment in community development practice: eight roles practitioners play.Community Development Journal,46(2), 181-195. » 摘要
    Abstract: In community development practice, practitioners and organizations play many different roles in the planning, implementation and diffusion of the ideas and projects that they seek to promote. Some of these roles can serve to empower communities, while others can result in their disempowerment. In this article, eight roles commonly played out in development practice are briefly examined through the lenses of empowerment and disempowerment. Four of these roles are recognized as being 'traditional' and four are identified as 'alternative'. It is hoped that the exercise of examining several of the generalized roles that practitioners play will allow us to take a closer look at how theory impacts practice and, more importantly, at the potential of such practices to truly achieve their theoretical aspirations.
  • Travis, R., Leech, T.G.J. (2014). Empowerment-Based Positive Youth Development: A New Understanding of Healthy Development for African American Youth.Journal of Research on Adolescence,24(1), 93-116. » 摘要
    Abstract: A shift occurred in research about adolescents in the general population. Research is moving away from deficits toward a resilience paradigm and understanding trajectories of positive youth development. This shift has been less consistent in research and practice with African American youth. A gap also exists in understanding whether individual youth development dimensions generate potential in other dimensions. This study presents an empowerment-based positive youth development model. It builds upon existing research to present a new vision of healthy development for African American youth that is strengths-based, developmental, culture-bound, and action-oriented. It emphasizes the relationship between person and environment, the reinforcing nature of developmental assets, and the necessity of a sense of community and community engagement for youth.
  • Tschopp, M.K., Frain, M.P., Bishop, M. (2009). Empowerment variables for rehabilitation clients on perceived beliefs concerning work quality of life domains. Work-A Journal of Prevention Assessment & Rehabilitation, 33(1), 59-65.»摘要
    Abstract: This article describes and presents an initial analysis of variables generally associated with empowerment towards perceived beliefs concerning quality of life work domains for individuals with disabilities. The model examines the domains of importance, satisfaction, control and degree of interference of disability that an individual feels towards work. The internet based study used results from 70 individuals with disabilities in varying aspects of work. The variables composing empowerment that correlated strongly with the work domains include: self-advocacy, self-efficacy, perceived stigma, and family resiliency as measured through coping. Quality of Life concerning work was measured through the DSC-C a domain specific QOL instrument.
  • Tsey, K., Whiteside, M., Haswell-Elkins, M., Bainbridge, R., Cadet-James, Y., Wilson, A. (2010). Empowerment and Indigenous Australian health: a synthesis of findings from Family Wellbeing formative research. Health & Social Care in The Community, 18 (2): 169-179.» 摘要
    Abstract: This paper employs a thematic qualitative analysis to synthesise seven discrete formative evaluation reports of an Indigenous Australian family empowerment programme across four study settings in Australia's Northern Territory and Queensland between 1998 and 2005. The aim of the study, which involved a total of 148 adult and 70 school children participants, is to develop a deeper understanding of the contribution of community empowerment education programmes to improving Indigenous health, beyond the evidence derived from the original discrete micro evaluative studies. Within a context beset by trans-generational grief and despair resulting from colonisation and other discriminatory government policies, across the study sites, the participants demonstrated enhanced capacity to exert greater control over factors shaping their health and wellbeing. Evident in the participants' narratives was a heightened sense of Indigenous and spiritual identity, respect for self and others, enhanced parenting and capacity to deal with substance abuse and violence. Changes at the personal level influenced other individuals and systems over time, highlighting the ecological or multilevel dimensions of empowerment. The study reveals the role of psychosocial empowerment attributes as important foundational resources in helping people engage and benefit from health and other behaviour modification programmes, and take advantage of any reforms made within macro policy environments. A key limitation or challenge in the use of psychosocial empowerment programmes relates to the time and resources required to achieve change at population level. A long-term partnership approach to empowerment research that creatively integrates micro community empowerment initiatives with macro policies and programmes is vital if health gains are to be maximised.
  • Turro, C.,Krause, M.(2009).Beyond Survival:Tracing Individual Empowerment Processes in a Poor Childen Settlement. Journal of Community Psychology, 37(3), 381-403.»摘要
    Abstract: Based on the life histories of residents from La Victoria, a poor settlement in Santiago, Chile, this study reconstructed the central biographic elements in individual empowerment processes, linking them with the sociocultural context in which they occurred. Results show the following main characteristics related to individual empowerment: identification with struggle, coping with poverty, a positive attitude towards learning throughout life, a perception of meaning in life, the search for intimacy and the desire to help others. The most empowering contextual elements found are the family models regarding work and the context that the la Victoria settlement offers its inhabitants as a protective space in which a sense of community and participation can develop.
  • Tyson, K. (1999). An Empowering Approach to Crisis Intervention and Brief Treatment for Preschool Children. Families in Social:The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 64-77.»摘譯
    An Empowering Approach to Crisis Intervention and Brief Treatment for Preschool Children
    文章針對孩童以一個新的心理學、內在精神的人道主義為根基的方式呈現危機干預及短期處遇的方法。在呈現理論的中心原則後，這些原則被運用在一個名叫保羅的三歲小孩身上。運用在這個個案的研究設計是自然的，啟發典範(heuristic paradigm)的質化資料分析方式(後實證主義者的社會及行為研究研究)。
  • Ungar, M., Liebenberg, L.(2009). Cross-Cultural Consulation Leading To The Development of A Valid Measure of Youth Resilience: The International Resilience Project. Studia Psychologica, 51(2-3), 259-269.» 摘要
    Abstract: In this paper, an innovative fourteen site, eleven country, collaborative investigation of resilience is described. As part of a larger mixed methods study to understand resilience as a social and ecological construct, a 58-item measure of resilience was developed. Piloting of the measure with 1451 youth ages 13-23 confirmed that the measure demonstrates good construct validity. In this paper we describe the study and the measure, and discuss implications for understanding resilience across cultures and contexts.
  • Urbanc, K., Radovic, M.K., Delale, E.A. (2009) Involvement And The Empowerment of Users During The Field Placements of Social Work Students. Ljetopis Socijalnog Rada, 16 (2): 425-456.» 摘要
    Abstract: The article presents the results of an evaluative research conducted in 2005, related to held placements of second year social work students as seen from the social service user perspective. The aim of this evaluative research was to gain insight into the perception of the held placement programme from the perspective of service users as well as to include them in the process of programme evaluation, thus opening additional possibilities of the cooperative creation of the programme. The objective was to discover how social service users - experience experts, perceive the held placement programme. More precisely, the objective was to gain insight into the users' motivation for the participation in the programme, into their perception of the content and the course of the placement as well as into their recommendations for the improvement of the programme. The results reveal the social service users' perception of their role in the education of social workers but they also show that the users "have already been included" in the process due to the fact that they represent the most relevant source of information regarding themselves and their needs. The results are binding for the teachers since the users' right to inclusion means they have the right to equal position in negotiations, agreements and interventions as well as equal possibility of analysis from their own perspective. In that sense, authors suggest certain guidelines based on the research results which they used in further cooperative creation of the field placement programme and education of social workers in general.
  • Van Uden-Kraan, C.F., Drossaert, C.H.C., Taal, E. , Seydel, E.R. ,van de Laar, M.A.F.J. (2009). Participation in online patient support groups endorses patients' empowerment. Patient Education and Counseling, 74(1), 61-69.»摘要
    Abstract: Objective: Although much has been expected of the empowering effect of taking part in online patient support groups, there is no direct evidence thus far for the effects of participation on patient empowerment. Hence our exploring to what extent patients feel empowered by their participation in online support groups, and which processes that occur in these groups are related to the empowering outcomes.
    Methods: An online questionnaire was completed by 528 individuals who were active in online groups for patients with breast cancer, fibromyalgia and arthritis.
    Results: The respondents felt empowered in several ways by their participation. The empowering outcomes that were experienced to the strongest degree were 'being better informed' and 'enhanced social well-being'. No significant differences in empowering outcomes between diagnostic groups were found. The empowering outcomes could only be predicted in a modest way by the processes that took place in the online support groups.
    Conclusion: This study indicates that participation in online support groups can make a valuable contribution to the empowerment of patients.
    Practice implications: Health care providers should acquaint their patients with the existence of online support groups and with the benefits that participation in these groups can offer.
  • Van Vaerenbergh, Y., Lariviere, B.&Vermeir, I.(2012). The Impact of Process Recovery Communication on Customer Satisfaction, Repurchase Intentions, and Word-of-Mouth Intentions. Journal of services research, 15(3), 262-279.»摘要
    Abstract:Complaint management should not be restricted to a firm's efforts to fix the problem and restore customer satisfaction after a service failure (i.e., customer recovery [CR]). Rather, firms should learn from customer complaints and improve their processes to prevent similar failures (i.e., process recovery [PR]). PR communication, or the feedback to customers that describes how an organization has executed complaint-based process improvements, thus may be critical. Four studies investigate the impact of PR communication on customer outcomes for customers (1) who experienced a failure, complained, and received satisfactory CR; (2) who experienced a failure, complained, and received unsatisfactory CR; (3) who experienced a failure but did not complain; and (4) who did not experience a failure. PR communication positively affects customers' overall satisfaction, repurchase intentions, and word-of-mouth intentions through higher perceptions of the firm's relationship investment and overall justice. In addition, such communication is most effective for the second and third types of customers; the effects for the first and fourth types are less pronounced. Managers who want to maximize the return on their complaint-handling efforts should communicate process recoveries to customers.
  • Van Veldhoven, M.J.P.M., Sluiter, J.K. (2009). Work-related recovery opportunities: testing scale properties and validity in relation to health. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(9), 1065-1075.» 摘要
    Abstract: Objectives Recovery opportunities allow employees to recuperate from work and diminish load effects. The aims of this study are to present a scale for measuring recovery opportunities, study its psychometric properties and its relationship with health.
    Methods Data from three Dutch worker samples were used with response rates over 60%. Sample 1 contained 6,863 employees working in a wide variety of jobs in 114 organizations. Sample 2 contained data from 992 mental health care workers from ten different organizations. Sample 3 were 436 employees working in several specialized health care clinics.
    Results Internal consistency of the nine-item recovery opportunities scale is good. Content validity of recovery opportunities, especially how it discriminates from other aspects of job control, is also good. Recovery opportunities show significant effects on work-related fatigue (need for recovery), sleep complaints, and health complaints, but not on future absenteeism.
    Conclusion The recovery opportunities scale has good reliability and shows good content-, construct- and criterion-related validity in three samples of workers that differ in amount of heterogeneity.
  • van Wijhe, C., Peeters, M., Schaufeli, W., Ouweneel, E. (2013). Rise and shine: Recovery experiences of workaholic and nonworkaholic employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(4), 476-489.» 摘要
    Abstract: Due to their excessive drive to work hard, workaholics may face difficulties with recovering from work. The present study examines the role of negative emotions in recovery from work among a selected group of workaholics and nonworkaholics. Data were collected among 118 employees who completed a survey and participated in a 5-day diary study. Based on Effort-Recovery theory, we expected and found that negative emotions at the end of the workday hamper employees' recovery during the evening. Interestingly, this effect was stronger for workaholics than for nonworkaholics. It was also found that workaholics spend more time on work-related activities during the evening than nonworkaholics when feeling negative emotions at the end of the workday. Finally, it was expected and found that a lack of recovery experiences during the evening influences negative and positive emotions the next morning. Together, these findings suggest that, especially for workaholics, negative emotions play a crucial role in recovery from work. This insight may contribute to the design of interventions that stimulate recovery from work for workaholics.
  • Varkey, P., Kureshi, S., Lesnick, T. (2010). Empowerment of Women and Its Association with the Health of the Community. Journal of Womens Health, 19 (1): 71-76.» 摘要
    Abstract: Background and Aims: Empowerment and opportunities to experience power and control in one's life contribute to health and wellness. Although studies have assessed specific factors related to women's empowerment and their influence on health outcomes, there is a dearth of published literature assessing the relationship of the empowerment of women with the overall health of a community. By means of this article, we aim to assess the relationship of women's empowerment with health in 75 countries.
    Methods: We used the gender empowerment measure (GEM), a composite index measuring gender inequality in economic participation and decision making, political participation and decision making, and power over economic resources. All 75 countries with GEM values in the 2006 Human Development Report (HDR) were included in the study. Association between the GEM values and seven health indicators was evaluated using descriptive statistics, scatter plots, and simple and multiple linear regression models. We also controlled for gross domestic product (GDP) as a possible confounding factor and included this variable in the multiple regression models.
    Results: When GDP was not considered, GEM had a statistically significant association with all health indicator variables except for proportion of 1-year-olds immunized against measles (correlation coefficient 0.063, p = 0.597). After adjusting for GDP, GEM was significantly associated with low birth weight, fertility rate, infant mortality, and age <= 5 mortality; the strongest correlation was found to be between GEM and infant mortality (R-2 = 0.601).
    Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the empowerment of women is associated with several key health indicators at a national level. Further research is necessary to determine the cause-effect relationship of these factors, confounding factors that may influence the relationship, and specific aspects of empowerment of women that effectively influence the health of the larger community.
  • Waaktaar, T.,& Torgersen, S.(2012). Genetic and Environmental Causes of Variation in Trait Resilience in Young People. Behavior Genetics, 42(3), 366-377.» 摘要
    Abstract:The aim of this multi-informant twin study was to determine the relative role of genetic and environmental factors in explaining variation in trait resilience in adolescents. Participants were consenting families ( = 2,638 twins in 1,394 families), from seven national cohorts (age 12-18 years, both sexes) of monozygotic and dizygotic twins reared together. Questionnaire data on the adolescents' Ego-resilience (ER89) was collected from mothers, fathers and twins, and analysed by means of multivariate genetic modelling. Variance in trait resilience was best represented in an ADE common pathways model with sex limitation. Variance in the latent psychometric resilience factor was largely explained by additive genetic factors (77% in boys, 70% in girls), with the remaining variance (23 and 30%) attributable to non-shared environmental factors. Additive genetic sources explained more than 50% of the informant specific variation in mothers and fathers scores. In twins, additive and non-additive genetic factors together explained 40% and non-shared environmental factor the remaining 60% of variation. In the mothers' scores, the additive genetic effect was larger for boys than for girls. The non-additive genetic factor found in the twins' self ratings was larger in boys than in girls. The remaining sex differences in the specific factors were small. Trait resilience is largely genetically determined. Estimates based on several informants rather than single informants approaches are recommended.
  • Wagaman M.A.(2011). Social Empathy as a Framework for Adolescent Empowerment. Journal of Social Service Research. 37(3), 278-293.» 摘要
    Abstract:Adolescent empowerment has been used to develop programs addressing a variety of issues that put young people at risk. Empowerment has been associated with positive outcomes in youth, including increases in resilience, self-efficacy, self-esteem, and civic engagement. This article reviews a selection of applications of empowerment with adolescents to identify how the concept is defined, applied, and measured. Key challenges to implementing adolescent empowerment programs are identified. Based on the review, social empathy is proposed as a framework for adolescent empowerment program developers. Using social empathy as a framework allows for consistency in definition and flexibility in application to apply to diverse groups of youth in various settings. A social empathy framework also establishes key outcomes that can be measured to ensure program effectiveness. By employing social empathy as a framework, service providers can draw on the value that empowerment, both as a process and an outcome, brings to their work with adolescents.
  • Waites C.（2009）. Building on Strengths: Intergenerational Practice with African American Families. Social Work, 54（3）, 278-288.»摘譯
    Building on Strengths: Intergenerational Practice with African American Families
    兩代間的親屬關係和多代家庭（三個或是更多世代）一直是非裔美國人的優勢來源。本篇文章呈現與利用此優勢與非裔美國人家庭一起工作的文化回應代際間的實務模型（culturally responsive intergenerational practice model）。本模型透過以非洲為中心的、代際間團結的架構，著眼於兩代間的親屬關係和多代家庭。模型提供了解和支持代際間親屬關係的優勢和資源豐富性的方式；以非洲為中心的典範之家庭和文化優勢；代際間親屬關係、家庭團結和代際間支持的力量。立基於代際間團結架構的六個團結要素，此模型將文化價值和實踐納入考量，提供社會工作實踐於非裔美國家庭時具有充權取向的觀點。
  • Wallace, J.C., Johnson, P.D., Mathe, K., Paul, J.(2011). Structural and Psychological Empowerment Climates, Performance, and the Moderating Role of Shared Felt Accountability: A Managerial Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 840-850.» 摘要
    Abstract: The authors proposed and tested a model in which data were collected from managers (n = 539) at 116 corporate-owned quick service restaurants to assess the structural and psychological empowerment process as moderated by shared-felt accountability on indices of performance from a managerial perspective. The authors found that empowering leadership climate positively relates to psychological empowerment climate. In turn, psychological empowermentclimate relates to performance only under conditions of high-felt accountability; it does not relate to performance under conditions of low-felt accountability. Overall, the present results indicate that the quick-service restaurant managers, who feel more empowered, operate restaurants that perform better than managers who feel less empowered, but only when those empowered managers also feel a high sense of accountability.
  • Wahlin, I ., Ek A.C., Idvall, E.(2009). Empowerment from the perspective of next of kin in intensive care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(18), 2580-2587.»摘要
    Abstract: Next of kin empowerment was found to be associated with being met with human warmth and sensitivity. This emphasises the importance of discussing attitudes and behaviours as well as surveillance and treatment when trying to improve the care of next of kin in intensive care unit and when working with staff development.
  • Walsh, T. C. (2002). Structured process recording: a comprehensive model that incorporates the strengths perspective. Social Work Education , 21(1), p23-34.»摘譯
    Structured process recording: a comprehensive model that incorporates the strengths perspective.
    過程紀錄在社會工作教育上一直是一個可靠的教學工具。為了反應實務的變遷上，過程紀錄的架構在整個實務的發展過程，已經經歷了許多的嚴謹的改進。隨著優勢觀點在專業上的發展，優勢觀點也建議過程紀錄的架構形式，在評量個案的優點上是能夠更進一步改善的。 ART(assessment, relationship, treatment)的核對清單，提供學生能夠從多面向的角度，有系統的分析他們的處遇，包括優勢。
  • Walter, U., Schneider, N.,Plaumann, M.(2008). Empowerment for the Elderly. Gesundheitswesen, 70(12), 730-735.»摘要
    Abstract: Active management and controlling of one's social setting is an essential basis for physical and psychological well-being. A concept which aims at building abilities for an individual responsible and autonomous life is empowerment. Due to the demographic development, this concept will become more important for the elderly. In our productive and work-life related society, this age group is often considered as a burden. Their age group-specific potential is not sufficiently recognised and utilised, e.g., regarding its possible supportive role in interactions between a community's generations. This article illustrates different levels and strategies of empowerment for the elderly and analyses some concepts. One of these concepts is health literacy, which is defined as gaining competence, e.g., for the understanding of information or for acting on health-related issues. Studies of association between health literacy and health outcomes in the elderly are represented. Additionally, the promotion of empowerment is part of the prevention and health care, e.g., in terms of "active management" and "passive management". A further focus is improving the empowerment in elderly employees.
  • Wang, JL., Zhang, DJ.,Jackson, LA.(2013). Influence of self-esteem, locus of control, and organizational climate on psychological empowerment in a sample of Chinese teachers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, 43(7), 1428-1435.»摘要
    Abstract: This study examined the effects of locus of control, self-esteem, and organizational climate on psychological empowerment in a sample of Chinese teachers. Participants were 1,272 Chinese teachers (460 men and 821 women) residing in six provinces in China. Results indicated that self-esteem was a positive predictor of psychological empowerment. Several dimensions of organizational climate, namely professional communication, decision-making, appraisal and recognition, supportive leadership, and professional growth, were also positive predictors of teachers' psychological empowerment. Locus of control, although related to psychological empowerment, had no predictive effects when other factors related to empowerment were considered.
  • Watts, B. (2014). Homelessness, Empowerment and Self-reliance in Scotland and Ireland: The Impact of Legal Rights to Housing for Homeless People. Journal of Social PolicyY, 43(4), 793-8105.»摘要
    Abstract:This paper explores the impact of legal rights to housing for homeless people, focusing on the capacity of such rights to 'empower' those experiencing homelessness. Lukes' (2005) three-dimensional view of power, complemented by Bourdieu's (1972) concept of 'habitus', is used to distinguish between conceptualisations of empowerment. A distinction is drawn between 'traditional' understandings of empowerment, which focus on people's capacity to realise their 'subjective interests', and on understandings that foreground 'real interests'. These latter 'radical' perspectives direct attention to people's 'habitus' - their internalised dispositions to perceive situations and act in particular ways. Empirically, the paper draws on a qualitative comparison of approaches to homelessness in Scotland and Ireland. Whereas in Scotland virtually all those who are homeless now have a legal right to settled accommodation, Ireland has rejected such a 'legalistic' approach, pursuing a consensus driven 'social partnership' model. Based on primary research with national experts, service providers and homeless single men in both countries, it is argued that legal rights can effectively empower homeless people. These findings call into question popular and political understandings of the relationship between legal welfare rights and self-reliance.
  • Wells, M. (2009). Resilience in Rural Community-Dwelling Older Adults. Journal of Rural Health, 25(4), 415-419.»摘要
    Abstract: Context: Identifying ways to meet the health care needs of older adults is important because their numbers are increasing and they often have more health care issues. High resilience level may be one factor that helps older adults adjust to the hardships associated with aging. Rural community-dwelling older adults often face unique challenges such as limited access to health care resources. Purpose: To determine the resilience level of rural community-dwelling older adults and to determine if socio-demographic factors, social networks, and health status are associated with resilience. Methods: Data were collected from 106 registered voters, aged 65 years or over from a rural area in New York State using a cross- sectional design. The instruments used in the study include the Resiliency Scale, the SF-12v2, and the Lubben Social Network Scale-Revised. Findings: The mean resilience level of the sample was high. Resilience was not correlated with any of the socio-demographic factors which included gender, age, income, education, marital, and employment status. There was a weak positive correlation between social networks and resilience levels of rural older adults. Both physical and mental health status were positively correlated with resilience. In a regression model, mental health status was the strongest predictor of resilience levels. Conclusion: If low resilience levels are identified in rural community-dwelling older adults, interventions to build resilience may be helpful in promoting independence; however, further research is needed to determine this.
  • Walsh, T., & Canavan, J. (2014). Strengths-based Practice in Child Welfare. Child Care in Practice, 20(1), 1-6.
  • Welch, D., Grossaint, K., Reid, K., & Walker, C. (2014). Strengths-based leadership development: Insights from expert coaches. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 66(1), 20.  »摘要
    Abstract: There is a growing trend in which coaches are using a strengths-based approach to help leaders move from fair leadership performance toward greater capacities. Although a number of strengths assessments are popular now, there is not enough research on how strengths mature in a long-term, sustainable way. In this article a multiple case study method was applied to investigate how expert coaches help leaders reach their greater potential through using their strengths. The nuances and challenges to this approach are also explored. Four overarching themes are derived from the analysis, and these are illustrated with stories from expert coaches. Questions for reflection on the findings are offered for consulting psychologists and leaders who want to cultivate a strengths-based approach to leader development.
  • Werner, E. E. (2012). Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery. Development and Psychopathology, 24(2), 553-558.  »摘要
    Abstract: This article reviews and reflects on studies that have explored the effects of war on children around the world. Most are cross-sectional and based on self-reports. They describe a range of mental health problems, related to dose effects and to the negative impact of being a victim or witness of violent acts, threats to and loss of loved ones, prolonged parental absence, and forced displacement. The more recent the exposure to war, and the older the child, the higher was the likelihood of reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Especially vulnerable to long-term emotional distress were child soldiers, children who were raped, and children who had been forcibly displaced. In adulthood, war-traumatized children displayed significantly increased risks for a wide range of medical conditions, especially cardiovascular diseases. Among protective factors that moderated the impact of war-related adversities in children were a strong bond between the primary caregiver and the child, the social support of teachers and peers, and a shared sense of values. Among the few documented intervention studies for children of war, school-based interventions, implemented by teachers or locally trained paraprofessionals, proved to be a feasible and low-cost alternative to individual or group therapy. More longitudinal research with multiple informants is needed to document the trajectories of risk and resilience in war-affected children, to assess their long-term development and mental health, and to identify effective treatment approaches.
  • Wexler, L.M., DiFluvio, G., Burke, T.K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69(4), 565-570.» 摘要
    Abstract: The public health research community has long recognized the roles of discrimination, institutional structures, and unfair economic practices in the production and maintenance of health disparities, but it has neglected the ways in which the interpretation of these structures orients people in overcoming them and achieving positive outcomes in their lives. In this call for researchers to pay more - and more nuanced - attention to cultural context, we contend that group identity-as expressed through affiliation with an oppressed group-can itself prompt meaningful role-based action. Public health's study of resilience, then, must consider the ways that individuals understand and, in turn, resist discrimination. in this article, we briefly outline the shortcomings of current perspectives on resilience as they pertain to the study of marginalized youth and then consider the potential protection offered by ideological commitment. To ground our conceptual argument, we use examples from two different groups with whom the authors have worked for many years: indigenous and sexual minority youth. Though these groups are dissimilar in many ways, the processes related to marginalization, identity and resilience are remarkably similar. Specifically, group affiliation can provide a context to reconceptualize personal difficulty as a politicized collective struggle, and through this reading, can create a platform for ideological commitment and resistance.
  • Whiteside, M., Tsey, K., Earles, W.(2011).Locating Empowerment in the Context of Indigenous Australia. Australian Social Work. 64(1), 113-129.» 摘要
    Abstract:Empowerment provides a potentially useful framework for social work practice with Indigenous Australians. However, there is little systematic research on what empowerment actually means in this context. This study sought to examine the concept of empowerment for Indigenous Australians through a grounded theory analysis of the stories of people who experienced empowerment, having participated in the Indigenous developed Family Wellbeing empowerment program. The emergent theoretical model delineates central interconnected and mutually reinforcing elements that enabled people to effect life changes, even where many aspects of their social context remained constraints. The elements involve particular beliefs and attitudes, and skills and knowledge manifested in agency and leading to achievements. All of the elements correspond with theoretical literature pertaining to empowerment. However, the proposed emergent theory places a greater emphasis on attributes associated with a belief in God, strong personal values, and having the skills to help others. These attributes resonate with Indigenous concepts of culture and spirituality. The findings provide a valuable conceptual model for social workers engaging with Indigenous groups, communities, and organisations, whether through policy, planning, research, or practice.
  • Wiber, M., Charles, A., Kearney, J., Berkes, F.(2009). Enhancing community empowerment through participatory fisheries research. Marine Policy, 33(1), 172-179.»摘要
    Abstract: This paper reports on the outcomes of a project that engaged researchers and fishers together in adapting participatory social science approaches to the purposes and the constraints of community-based fisher organizations. The work was carried out in the Scotia-Fundy Region of Atlantic Canada (the Bay of Fundy and Scotian Shelf) between 1999 and 2003. After a period of reflection on what was collectively learned from our experiences in this project, the academics went back to the community partners in a recent workshop for further discussion and refinement of the lessons. We conclude that true participatory fishery research, utilized in support of community-based management, can be a particularly powerful tool. However, it has few effective shortcuts, it must deal early in the research process with power imbalances, and it should involve significant political engagement and empowerment through co-learning. This assessment of participatory research in coastal fisheries also has significant implications for how we think of social capital and on how we may develop community-based resource management for a sustainable future.
  • Wills, T. A.&  Bantum, E. O.(2012). Social, Support Self-Regulation, and Relisience in Two Populations: General-Population Adolescents and Adult Cancer Survivors. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31(6), 568-592.»摘要
    Abstract:In this paper we consider how regulation processes may be involved in resilience effects. We posit that social support contributes to the development and/or maintenance of good self-control whereas interpersonal conflict is related to poor regulation. In the context of a dual-process approach to adaptation, we hypothesize that good self-control may contribute to resilience effects, reducing the impact of life stressors on symptomatology and problem behavior. In contrast, persons who are elevated on poor regulation may be prone to vulnerability effects (i.e., greater impact of stressors). We discuss how specific aspects of good self-control and poor regulation may contribute to resilience or vulnerability for adolescents facing normative life stressors and for adults who have survived diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We draw linkages between the two areas and suggest questions for further research on resilience.
  • Wilson, P. A., Meyer, I. H., Antebi‐Gruszka, N., Boone, M. R., Cook, S. H., & Cherenack, E. M. (2016). Profiles of resilience and psychosocial outcomes among young Black gay and bisexual men. American journal of community psychology, 57(1-2), 144-157.»摘要
    Abstract: Young Black gay/bisexual men (YBGBM) are affected by contextual stressors—namely syndemic conditions and minority stress—that threaten their health and well-being. Resilience is a process through which YBGBM achieve positive psychosocial outcomes in the face of adverse conditions. Self-efficacy, hardiness and adaptive coping, and social support may be important resilience factors for YBGBM. This study explores different profiles of these resilience factors in 228 YBGBM in New York City and compares profiles on psychological distress, mental health, and other psychosocial factors. Four profiles of resilience were identified: (a) Low self-efficacy and hardiness/adaptive coping (23.5%); (b) Low peer and parental support(21.2%); (c) High peer support, low father support (34.5%); and (d) High father and mother support, self-efficacy, and hardiness/adaptive coping (20.8%). YBGBM in profile 1 scored markedly higher on distress (d =.74) and lower on mental health functioning (d =.93) compared to men in the other profiles. Results suggest that self-efficacy and hardiness/adaptive coping may play a more important role in protecting YBGBM from risks compared to social support and should be targeted in interventions. The findings show that resilience is a multidimensional construct and support the notion that there are different patterns of resilience among YBGBM.
  • Woods, J. (2014). Community Development: The Way Forward for Social Work in Disaster Management. Critical Essay. International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice, 2(3), 96-100.»摘要
    Abstract:Community development is the way forward for social work. Economic rationalism, smaller governments and possible climate changes mean more crises and less state resources, urbanisation means more densely populated communities, especially in coastal zones and adjacent waterways and coupled together, an increased need for social work interventions. Certainly, using readily available resources and preparing for potential negative events makes community development an ethical and appropriate means of dealing with issues of community for social workers. Even for disaster management where social work has been traditionally located at the crisis stage in a role of assisting with psychological stress there lies an opportunity to focus more in the community development context, not only utilising available social capital for recovery but for assisting with building capacity and thus creating solid foundations for the future of the community. The recent edited book, Community Work: Theories, Experiences and Challenge (Goel, Pulla and Francis, 2014) provides a compilation of many relevant articles that explore the concept of community development and the way in which social workers can embrace this framework for ethical service provision in contemporary Australian communities. A recent paper by Rowlands (2013) reiterates the ability of social work to work at the nexus between communities and governments in disaster management to adopt a community development approach which not only enables communities to move forward but empowers the community to assist itself. A community development approach involving social work underpinned with resilience and strengths based theories allows for ethical, professional practice within AASW guidelines that enables communities to grow and thrive as well as survive disasters of the future.
  • Woollett, N., Cluver, L., Hatcher, A. M., & Brahmbhatt, H. (2016). “To be HIV positive is not the end of the world”: Resilience among perinatally infected HIV positive adolescents in Johannesburg. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 269-275.»摘要
    Abstract: The aim of this study was to identify elements of resilience in a group of perinatally infected HIV positive adolescents attending HIV clinics. In-depth interviews were conducted with 25 purposively selected HIV positive adolescents (15 female, 10 male) between the ages of 13–19 years in Johannesburg. Data were analysed in NVIVO 10 using a thematic approach to coding. Despite marked stressors in the lives of these adolescents, a high degree of resilience was described. Characteristics of resilience in this group included a pertinent set of beliefs, including a belief in fate and recognition of personal strength as a consequence of managing adversity. Character traits such as a pragmatic acceptance about one's life, actively taking responsibility, and a robust self-esteem were evident. Social behaviours included the ability to pursue and access adults and healthcare to meet developmental needs, having a desire to support and help others and challenging HIV related stigma. These characteristics were underscored by the capacity for self-reflection. Perinatally infected adolescents, who face high levels of hardship and change, nevertheless exhibit strong resiliency beliefs, traits, and behaviours. Healthcare environments have the potential to be utilized as powerful resources in fostering resilience in HIV positive adolescents, if characteristics of adolescent resilience were integrated into current prevention and intervention programming. Resilience promotion could lead to improved health outcomes for HIV positive adolescents.
  • XIAO, Y., & YANG, G. H. (2014). The Endowment Dilemma Analysis and the Corresponding Measures of Elderly People Who Lost Their Only Child under the Strengths Perspective. Population and Development, 1, 012.» 摘要
    Abstract:The endowment problem of parents who have lost their only children is becoming an increasingly urgent social problem,as well as a new problem of the whole aging works in our country.This paper try to analyze the endowment problem of these people under the Strengths Perspective,to study the endowment dilemma they encountered in spirit,economics,daily life,etc.Based on these,the paper then puts forward corresponding measures that individuals,groups,society should work together to smooth their mental trauma,to change unfavorable factors in external environment,and to help them integrate into society so as to realize the integration between their personal advantages and living environment.Only by doing these can we help them out of the endowment dilemma and enjoy in old age.
  • Xu, J.P. & Lu, Y.(2012). Meta-synthesis pattern of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction: based on actual investigation on 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. NATURAL HAZARDS , 60(2), 199-222.» 摘要
    Abstract:A devastating Ms8.0 earthquake struck Wenchuan on May 12, 2008, a historical county in Sichuan Province, southwest China, which affected more than half of China. This article makes a comparative study on the pre-earthquake prevention and post-earthquake reconstruction of 14 world-famous earthquakes in the last 100 years, generalizes the various problems in the process of recovery and reconstruction and analyzes the reasons for the enormous damage caused by these earthquakes. Through theoretical research and field investigation on post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction, the meta-synthesis pattern has been summarized and developed. Its ideological foundation is meta-synthesis methodology, concrete expression is Wuli-Shili-Renli three-dimensional approach, and practical realization using an integrated framework. Taking post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction as a complicated systematic project, from the vertical perspective, the whole process can be roughly divided into the phases of transitional recovery and comprehensive reconstruction. While from the horizontal perspective, each phase should have its own support systems. From an investigation of the systematic planning and comprehensive implementation, it can be concluded that post-Wenchuan earthquake recovery and reconstruction has made remarkable achievements over the past 3 years. Since disasters continue to threaten humanity around the world, especially climate-induced extreme weather events, other countries could formulate applicable integrated programs for post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, taking the Wenchuan experience as a reference.
  • Yi-Frazier, J.P., Smith, R.E., Vitaliano, P.P., Yi, J.C., Mai, S., Hillman, M., Weinger, K. (2010). A Person-Focused Analysis of Resilience Resources and Coping in Patients with Diabetes. Stress And Health, 26 (1): 51-60. » 摘要
    Abstract: This study investigated the resilience resources and coping profiles of patients with diabetes. A total of 145 patients with diabetes completed a questionnaire packet including two measurements of coping (COPE and Coping Styles Questionnaires) and personal resources. Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) was also assessed. Resilience was defined by a factor score derived from measures of self-esteem, self-efficacy, self-mastery and optimism. All of the maladaptive coping subscales were negatively associated with resilience (r's range from -0.34 to -0.56, all p values are <0.001). Of the adaptive coping subscales, only acceptance, emotional support and pragmatism were positively associated with resilience. The upper, middle and lower tertiles of the resilience factor were identified, and the coping profiles of these groups differed significantly, with low-resilience patients favouring maladaptive strategies much more than those with high- or moderate-resilience resources do. Resilience groups did not differ in HbA(1c) levels; correlation coefficients of the coping subscales with HbA(1c) were explored. This study demonstrates a link between maladaptive coping and low resilience, suggesting that resilience impacts one's ability to manage the difficult treatment and lifestyle requirements of diabetes.
  • Yin, HB., Lee, JCK., Jin, YL., Zhang, ZH. (2013). The effect of trust on teacher empowerment: the mediation of teacher efficacy. Educational Studies, 39 (1): 13-28. » 摘要
    Abstract: This study explores the impact of teachers perception of trust in colleagues on their sense of empowerment in Mainland China, with a particular focus on the mediating role of teacher efficacy. The results of a survey of 1646 teachers indicate that although teachers scored positively on trust in colleagues, efficacy and empowerment, they had relatively lower scores on general teaching efficacy (GTE) and participation in decision-making. Trust in colleagues was a significant predictor of teacher empowerment. In addition, personal teaching efficacy had a significant mediation effect on the relationship between trust in colleagues and teacher empowerment, while GTE had not. These findings lead to some implications for understanding the nature of GTE and the relationship between trust and teacher empowerment.
  • Young, S., Schactman, L., Snyder, M. (2014). Early Report on the Effectiveness of a Recovery Model Oriented Therapeutic Community for Individuals with Complex and Persistent Recovery Challenges. Psychiatric Quarterly, 85(3): 329-343. » 摘要
    Abstract: This study summarizes the results of a 10 year longitudinal study of individual recovery progress within a residential program based upon therapeutic community principles and a Seven Domains Enhanced Recovery Model that emerged from a grounded theory analysis of real life recovery experiences (Young and Ensing, Psychiatr Rehab J 22:219-231, 1999). The four primary hypotheses of the study predicted significant and moderately sized effect sizes on a holistic set of measures, corresponding to the Enhanced Recovery Model. Results indicate support for all hypotheses; statistically significant and moderate to large effects were found in all domain measures for the participants, most of whom had multiple unsuccessful previous treatment attempts. These results indicate that this theoretical structure and residential model is effective in supporting recovery for individuals with complex and persistent challenges across the broad range of recovery domains. Conceptually, this also adds quantitative support for the Seven Domains Enhanced Recovery Model, complementing previous qualitative studies.